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发信人: cliff (狗皮膏药), 信区: Linux
标 题: How To Ask Questions The Smart Way
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年05月23日10:04:01 星期五), 站内信件
How To Ask Questions The Smart Way
Copyright ? 2001 by Eric S. Raymond
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Before You Ask
When You Ask
How To Interpret Answers
On Not Reacting Like A Loser
Questions Not To Ask
Good and Bad Questions
If You Can't Get An Answer
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Introduction
In the world of hackers, the kind of answers you get to your technical
questions depends as much on the way you ask the questions as on the
difficulty of developing the answer. This guide will teach you how to
ask questions in a way that is likely to get you a satisfactory answer.
The first thing to understand is that hackers actually like hard
problems and good, thought-provoking questions about them. If we didn't,
we wouldn't be here. If you give us an interesting question to chew
on we'll be grateful to you; good questions are a stimulus and a gift.
Good questions help us develop our understanding, and often reveal
problems we might not have noticed or thought about otherwise. Among
hackers, "Good question!" is a strong and sincere compliment.
Despite this, hackers have a reputation for meeting simple questions
with what looks like hostility or arrogance. It sometimes looks like
we're reflexively rude to newbies and the ignorant. But this isn't
really true.
What we are, unapologetically, is hostile to people who seem to be
unwilling to think or do their own homework before asking questions.
People like that are time sinks -- they take without giving back, they
waste time we could have spent on another question more interesting
and another person more worthy of an answer. We call people like this
"losers" (and for historical reasons we sometimes spell it "lusers").
We realize that there are many people who just want to use the
software we write, and have no interest in learning technical details.
For most people, a computer is merely a tool, a means to an end; they
have more important things to do and lives to live. We acknowledge that,
and don't expect everyone to take an interest in the technical
matters that fascinate us. Nevertheless, our style of answering
questions is tuned for people who do take such an interest and are
willing to be active participants in problem-solving. That's not going
to change. Nor should it; if it did, we would become less effective at
the things we do best.
We're (largely) volunteers. We take time out of busy lives to answer
questions, and at times we're overwhelmed with them. So we filter
ruthlessly. In particular, we throw away questions from people who
appear to be losers in order to spend our question-answering time more
efficiently, on winners.
If you find this attitude obnoxious, condescending, or arrogant, check
your assumptions. We're not asking you to genuflect to us — in fact,
most of us would love nothing more than to deal with you as an equal and
welcome you into our culture, if you put in the effort required to make
that possible. But it's simply not efficient for us to try to help
people who are not willing to help themselves. If you can't live with
this sort of discrimination, we suggest you pay somebody for a
commercial support contract instead of asking hackers to personally
donate help to you.
If you decide to come to us for help, you don't want to be one of the
losers. You don't want to seem like one, either. The best way to get a
rapid and responsive answer is to ask it like a winner — to ask it like
a person with smarts, confidence, and clues who just happens to need
help on one particular problem.
(Improvements to this guide are welcome. You can mail suggestions to
esr@thyrsus.com.)
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Before You Ask
Before asking a technical question by email, or in a newsgroup, or on
a website chat board, do the following:
Try to find an answer by reading the manual.
Try to find an answer by reading a FAQ.
Try to find an answer by searching the Web.
Try to find an answer by asking a skilled friend.
When you ask your question, display the fact that you have done these
things first; this will help establish that you're not being a lazy
sponge and wasting peoples' time. Better yet, display what you have
learned from doing these things. We like answering questions for
people who have demonstrated that they can learn from the answers.
Prepare your question. Think it through. Hasty-sounding questions get
hasty answers, or none at all. The more you do to demonstrate that you
have put thought and effort into solving your problem before asking
for help, the more likely you are to actually get help.
Beware of asking the wrong question. If you ask one that is based on
faulty assumptions, J. Random Hacker is quite likely to reply with a
uselessly literal answer while thinking "Stupid question...", and hoping
that the experience of getting what you asked for rather than what
you needed will teach you a lesson.
Never assume you are entitled to an answer. You are not; you aren't,
after all, paying for the service. You will earn an answer, if you
earn it, by asking a question that is substantial, interesting, and
thought-provoking — one that implicitly contributes to the experience
of the community rather than merely passively demanding knowledge from
others.
On the other hand, making it clear that you are able and willing to help
in the process of developing the solution is a very good start. "Can
someone provide a pointer?", "What is my example missing?" and "Is there
a site I should have checked?" are more likely to get answered than
"Please post the exact procedure I should use." because you're making it
clear that you're truly willing to complete the process if someone
can simply point you in the right direction.
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When You Ask
Choose your forum carefully
Be sensitive in choosing where you ask your question. You are likely
to be ignored, or written off as a loser, if you:
post your question to a forum where it is off topic
post a very elementary question to a forum where advanced technical
questions are expected, or vice-versa
cross-post to too many different newsgroups
Hackers blow off questions that are inappropriately targeted in order to
try to protect their communications channels from being drowned in
irrelevance. You don't want this to happen to you.
In general, questions to a well-selected public forum are more likely to
get useful answers than equivalent questions to a private one. There
are multiple reasons for this. One is simply the size of the pool of
potential respondents. Another is the size of the audience; hackers
would rather answer questions that educate a lot of people than
questions which only serve a few.
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Write in clear, grammatical, correctly-spelled language
We've found by experience that people who are careless and sloppy
writers are usually also careless and sloppy at thinking and coding
(often enough to bet on, anyway). Answering questions for careless and
sloppy thinkers is not rewarding; we'd rather spend our time elsewhere.
So expressing your question clearly and well is important. If you
can't be bothered to do that, we can't be bothered to pay attention.
Spend the extra effort to polish your language. It doesn't have to be
stiff or formal — in fact, hacker culture values informal, slangy and
humorous language used with precision. But it has to be precise; there
has to be some indication that you're thinking and paying attention.
Spell, punctuate, and capitalize correctly. Don't confuse "its" with
"it's" or "loose" with "lose". Don't TYPE IN ALL CAPS, this is read as
shouting and considered rude. If you write like a semi-literate boob,
you will very likely be ignored. Writing like a l33t script kiddie hax0r
is the absolute kiss of death and guarantees you will receive nothing
but stony silence (or, at best, a heaping helping of scorn and
sarcasm) in return.
If you are asking questions in a forum that does not use your native
language, you will get a limited amount of slack for spelling and
grammar errors — but no extra slack at all for laziness (and yes, we
can usually spot that difference). Also, unless you know what your
respondent's languages are, write in English. Busy hackers tend to
simply flush questions in languages they don't understand, and English
is the working language of the net. By writing in English you minimize
your chances that your question will be discarded unread.
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Send questions in formats that are easy to understand
If you make your question artificially hard to read, it is more likely
to be passed over in favor of one that isn't. So:
Send plain text mail, not HTML.
Don't send mail in which entire paragraphs are single multiply-wrapped
lines. (This makes it too difficult to reply to just part of the
message.) Assume that your respondents will be reading mail on
80-character-wide text displays and set your line wrap according, to
something less than 80.
Don't send MIME Quoted-Printable encoding either; all those =20 glyphs
scattered through the text are ugly and distracting.
Never, ever expect hackers to be able to read closed proprietary
document formats like Microsoft Word. Most hackers react to these
about as well as you would to having a pile of steaming pig manure
dumped on your doorstep.
If you're sending mail from a Windows machine, turn off Microsoft's
stupid "Smart Quotes" feature. This is so you avoid sprinkling garbage
characters through your mail.
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Use meaningful, specific subject headers
On mailing lists or newsgroups, the subject header is your golden
opportunity to attract qualified experts' attention in around 50
characters or fewer. Don't waste it on babble like "Please help me" (let
alone "PLEASE HELP ME!!!!"; messages with subjects like that get
discarded by reflex). Don't try to impress us with the depth of your
anguish; use the space for a super-concise problem description instead.
Stupid:
HELP! Video doesn't work properly on my laptop!
Smart:
XFree86 4.1 misshapen mouse cursor, Fooware MV1005 vid. chipset
If you ask a question in a reply, be sure to change the subject line
to indicate that you are asking a question. A Subject line that looks
like "Re: test" or "Re: new bug" is less likely to attract useful
amounts of attention. Also, pare quotes of previous messages to the
minimum consistent with cluing in new readers.
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Be precise and informative about your problem
Describe the symptoms of your problem or bug carefully and clearly.
Describe the environment in which it occurs (machine, OS, application,
whatever).
Describe the research you did to try and understand the problem before
you asked the question.
Describe the diagnostic steps you took to try and pin down the problem
yourself before you asked the question.
Describe any recent changes in your computer or software configuration
that might be relevant.
Do the best you can to anticipate the questions a hacker will ask, and
to answer them in advance in your request for help.
Simon Tatham has written an excellent essay entitled How to Report
Bugs Effectively. I strongly recommend that you read it.
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Volume is not precision
You need to be precise and informative. This end is not served by simply
dumping huge volumes of code or data into a help request. If you have a
large, complicated test case that is breaking a program, try to trim it
and make it as small as possible.
This is useful for at least three reasons. One: being seen to invest
effort in simplifying the question makes it more likely that you'll
get an answer, Two: simplifying the question makes it more likely you'll
get a useful answer. Three: In the process of refining your bug report,
you may develop a fix or workaround yourself.
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Describe the problem's symptoms, not your guesses
It's not useful to tell hackers what you think is causing your problem.
(If your diagnostic theories were such hot stuff, would you be
consulting others for help?) So, make sure you're telling them the raw
symptoms of what goes wrong, rather than your interpretations and
theories. Let them do the interpretation and diagnosis.
Stupid:
I'm getting back-to-back SIG11 errors on kernel compiles, and suspect
a hairline crack on one of the motherboard traces. What's the best way
to check for those?
Smart:
My home-built K6/233 on an FIC-PA2007 motherboard (VIA Apollo VP2
chipset) with 256MB Corsair PC133 SDRAM starts getting frequent SIG11
errors about 20 minutes after power-on during the course of kernel
compiles, but never in the first 20 minutes. Rebooting doesn't restart
the clock, but powering down overnight does. Swapping out all RAM didn't
help. The relevant part of a typical compile session log follows.
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Describe your problem's symptoms in chronological order
The most useful clues in figuring out something that went wrong often
lie in the events immediately prior. So, your account should describe
precisely what you did, and what the machine did, leading up to the
blowup. In the case of command-line processes, having a session log (e.
g., using the script utility) and quoting the relevant twenty or so
lines is very useful.
If the program that blew up on you has diagnostic options (such as -v
for verbose), try to think carefully about selecting options that will
add useful debugging information to the transcript.
If your account ends up being long (more than about four paragraphs), it
might be useful to succinctly state the problem up top, then follow
with the chronological tale. That way, hackers will know what to watch
for in reading your account.
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Don't ask people to reply by private email
Hackers believe solving problems should be a public, transparent process
during which a first try at an answer can and should be corrected if
someone more knowledgeable notices that it is incomplete or incorrect.
Also, they get some of their reward for being respondents from being
seen to be competent and knowledgeable by their peers.
When you ask for a private reply, you are disrupting both the process
and the reward. Don't do this. It's the respondent's choice whether to
reply privately — and if he does, it's usually because he thinks the
question is too ill-formed or obvious to be interesting to others.
There is one limited exception to this rule. If you think the question
is such that you are likely to get a lot of answers that are all
pretty similar, then the magic words are "email me and I'll summarize
the answers for the group". It is courteous to try and save the
mailing list or newsgroup a flood of substantially identical postings —
but you have to keep the promise to summarize.
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Be explicit about the question you have
Open-ended questions tend to be perceived as open-ended time sinks.
The people most likely to be able to give you a useful answer are also
the busiest people (if only because they take on the most work
themselves). People like that are allergic to open-ended time sinks,
thus they tend to be allergic to open-ended questions.
You are more likely to get a useful response if you are explicit about
what you want respondents to do (provide pointers, send code, check your
patch, whatever). This will focus their effort and implicitly put an
upper bound on the time and energy a respondent has to put in to helping
you. This is good.
To understand the world the experts live in, think of expertise as an
abundant resource and time to respond as a scarce one. The less of a
time commitment you implicitly ask for, the more likely you are to get
an answer from someone really good and really busy.
So it is useful to frame your question to minimize the time commitment
required for an expert to field it — but this is often not the same
thing as simplifying the question. Thus, for example, "Can you give me a
pointer to a good explanation of X?" is usually a smarter question than
"Would you explain X, please?". If you have some code that isn't
working, it is usually smarter to ask for someone to explain what's
wrong with it than it is to ask someone to fix it.
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Prune pointless queries
Resist the temptation to close your request for help with
semantically-null questions like "Can anyone help me?" or "Is there an
answer?" First: if you've written your problem description halfway
competently, such tacked-on questions are at best superfluous. Second:
because they are superfluous, hackers find them annoying — and are
likely to return logically impeccable but dismissive answers like "Yes,
you can be helped" and "No, there is no help for you."
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Courtesy never hurts, and sometimes helps
Be courteous. Use "Please" and "Thanks in advance". Make it clear that
you appreciate the time people spend helping you for free.
To be honest, this isn't as important as (and cannot substitute for)
being grammatical, clear, precise and descriptive, avoiding
proprietary formats etc.; hackers in general would rather get somewhat
brusque but technically sharp bug reports than polite vagueness. (If
this puzzles you, remember that we value a question by what it teaches
us.)
However, if you've got your technical ducks in a row, politeness does
increase your chances of getting a useful answer.
(We must note that the only serious objection we have received to this
how-to from veteran hackers is to the recommendation to use "Thanks in
advance". Some hackers feel this connotes an intention not to thank
anybody afterwards. Our recommendation is to do both.)
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Follow up with a brief note on the solution
Send a note after the problem has been solved to all who helped you; let
them know how it came out and thank them again for their help. If the
problem attracted general interest in a mailing list or newsgroup,
it's appropriate to post the followup there.
Your followup doesn't have to be long and involved; a simple "Howdy - it
was a failed network cable! Thanks, everyone. - Bill" would be better
than nothing. In fact, a short and sweet summary is better than a long
dissertation unless the solution has real technical depth.
Besides being courteous and informative, this sort of followup will help
others searching the email archive (or google groups, etc) to know
exactly which solution helped you and thus may also help them.
Last, and not least, this sort of followup helps everybody who
assisted feel a satisfying sense of closure about the problem. If you
are not a techie or hacker yourself, trust us that this feeling is
very important to the gurus and experts you tapped for help. Problem
narratives that trail off into unresolved nothingness are frustrating
things; hackers itch to see them resolved. The good karma that
scratching that itch earns you will be very, very helpful to you next
time you need to pose a question.
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How To Interpret Answers
RTFM and STFW: How To Tell You've Seriously Screwed Up
There is an ancient and hallowed tradition: if you get a reply that
reads "RTFM", the person who sent it thinks you should have Read The
Fucking Manual. He is almost certainly right. Go read it.
RTFM has a younger relative. If you get a reply that reads "STFW", the
person who sent it thinks you should have Searched The Fucking Web. He
is almost certainly right. Go search it.
Often, the person sending either of these replies has the manual or
the web page with the information you need open, and is looking at it as
he types. These replies mean that he thinks (a) the information you
need is easy to find, and (b) you will learn more if you seek out the
information than if you have it spoon-fed to you.
You shouldn't be offended by this; by hacker standards, he is showing
you a rough kind of respect simply by not ignoring you. You should
instead thank him for his grandmotherly kindness.
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If you don't understand...
If you don't understand the answer, do not immediately bounce back a
demand for clarification. Use the same tools that you used to try and
answer your original question (manuals, FAQs, the Web, skilled
friends) to understand the answer. If you need to ask for clarification,
exhibit what you have learned.
For example, suppose I tell you: "It sounds like you've got a stuck
zentry; you'll need to clear it." Then:
Here's a bad followup question: "What's a zentry?"
Here's a good followup question: "OK, I read the man page and zentries
are only mentioned under the -z and -p switches. Neither of them says
anything about clearing zentries. Is it one of these or am I missing
something here?"
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Dealing with rudeness
Much of what looks like rudeness in hacker circles is not intended to
give offence. Rather, it's the product of the direct,
cut-through-the-bullshit communications style that is natural to
people who are more concerned about solving problems than making
others feel warm and fuzzy.
When you perceive rudeness, try to react calmly. If someone is really
acting out, it is very likely that a senior person on the list or
newsgroup or forum will call him or her on it. If that doesn't happen
and you lose your temper, it is likely that the person you lose it at
was behaving within the hacker community's norms and you will be
considered at fault. This will hurt your chances of getting the
information or help you want.
On the other hand, you will occasionally run across rudeness and
posturing that is quite gratuitous. The flip-side of the above is that
it is acceptable form to slam real offenders quite hard, dissecting
their misbehavior with a sharp verbal scalpel. Be very, very sure of
your ground before you try this, however. The line between correcting an
incivility and starting a pointless flamewar is thin enough that
hackers themselves not infrequently blunder across it; if you are a
newbie or an outsider, your chances of avoiding such a blunder are low.
If you're after information rather than entertainment, it's better to
keep your fingers off the keyboard than to risk this.
(Some people assert that many hackers have a mild form of autism or
Asperger's Syndrome, and are actually missing some of the brain
circuitry that lubricates `normal' human social interaction. This may or
may not be true. If you are not a hacker yourself, it may help you cope
if you think of us as brain-damaged. Go ahead. We won't care; we like
being whatever it is we are, and generally have a healthy skepticism
about clinical labels.)
In the next section, we'll talk about a different issue; the kind of
`rudeness' you'll see when you misbehave.
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On Not Reacting Like A Loser
Odds are, you'll screw up a few times, on hacker community forums —
in ways detailed in this article, or similar. And you'll be told exactly
how you screwed up, possibly with colourful asides. In public.
When this happens, the worst thing you can do is whine about the
experience, claim to have been verbally assaulted, demand apologies,
scream, hold your breath, threaten lawsuits, complain to people's
employers, leave the toilet seat up, etc. Instead, here's what you do:
Get over it. It's normal. In fact, it's healthy and appropriate.
Community standards do not maintain themselves: They're maintained by
people actively applying them, visibly, in public. Don't whine that
all criticism should have been conveyed via private mail: That's not how
it works. Nor is it useful to insist you've been personally insulted
when someone comments that one of your claims was wrong, or that his
views differ. Those are loser attitudes.
There have been hacker forums where, out of some misguided sense of
hyper-courtesy, participants are banned from posting any fault-finding
with another's posts, and told "Don't say anything if you're unwilling
to help the user." The resulting departure of clueful participants to
elsewhere causes them to descend into meaningless babble and become
useless as technical forums.
Exaggeratedly "friendly" (in that fashion) or useful: Pick one.
Remember: When that hacker tells you that you've screwed up, and (no
matter how gruffly) tells you not to do it again, he's acting out of
concern for (1) you and (2) his community. It would be much easier for
him to ignore you and filter you out of his life. If you can't manage to
be grateful, at least have a little dignity, don't whine, and don't
expect to be treated like a fragile doll just because you're a
newcomer with a theatrically hypersensitive soul and delusions of
entitlement.
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Questions Not To Ask
Here are some classic stupid questions, and what hackers are thinking
when they don't answer them.
Q: Where can I find program X?
Q: My {program, configuration, SQL statement} doesn't work
Q: I'm having problems with my Windows machine. Can you help?
Q: I'm having problems installing Linux or X. Can you help?
Q: How can I crack root/steal channel-ops privileges/read someone's
email?
Q: Where can I find program X?
A: The same place I'd find it, fool -- at the other end of a web search.
Ghod, doesn't everybody know how to use Google yet?
Q: My {program, configuration, SQL statement} doesn't work
A: This is not a question, and I'm not interested in playing Twenty
Questions to pry your actual question out of you — I have better things
to do. On seeing something like this, my reaction is normally of one of
the following:
do you have anything else to add to that?
oh, that's too bad, I hope you get it fixed.
and this has exactly what to do with me?
Q: I'm having problems with my Windows machine. Can you help?
A: Yes. Throw out that Microsoft trash and install Linux.
Q: I'm having problems installing Linux or X. Can you help?
A: No. I'd need hands-on access to your machine to troubleshoot this. Go
ask your local Linux user group for hands-on help. (You can find a list
of user groups here.)
Q: How can I crack root/steal channel-ops privileges/read someone's
email?
A: You're a lowlife for wanting to do such things and a moron for asking
a hacker to help you.
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Good and Bad Questions
Finally, I'm going to illustrate how to ask questions in a smart way
by example; pairs of questions about the same problem, one asked in a
stupid way and one in a smart way.
Stupid: Where can I find out stuff about the Foonly Flurbamatic?
This question just begs for "STFW" as a reply.
Smart: I used Google to try to find "Foonly Flurbamatic 2600" on the
Web, but I got no useful hits. Does anyone know where I can find
programming information on this device?
This one has already SFTWed, and sounds like he might have a real
problem.
Stupid: I can't get the code from project foo to compile. Why is it
broken?
He assumes that somebody else screwed up. Arrogant of him.
Smart: The code from project foo doesn't compile under Nulix version 6.
2. I've read the FAQ, but it doesn't have anything in it about
Nulix-related problems. Here's a transcript of my compilation attempt;
is it something I did?
He's specified the environment, he's read the FAQ, he's showing the
error, and and he's not assuming his problems are someone else's fault.
This guy might be worth some attention.
Stupid: I'm having problems with my motherboard. Can anybody help?
J. Random Hacker's response to this is likely to be "Right. Do you
need burping and diapering, too?" followed by a punch of the delete
key.
Smart: I tried X, Y, and Z on the S2464 motherboard. When that didn't
work, I tried A, B, and C. Note the curious symptom when I tried C.
Obviously the florbish is grommicking, but the results aren't what one
might expect. What are the usual causes of grommicking on MP
motherboards? Anybody got ideas for more tests I can run to pin down the
problem?
This person, on the other hand, seems worthy of an answer. He has
exhibited problem-solving intelligence rather than passively waiting for
an answer to drop from on high.
In the last question, notice the subtle but important difference between
demanding "Give me an answer" and "Please help me figure out what
additional diagnostics I can run to achieve enlightenment."
In fact, the form of that last question is closely based on a real
incident that happened in August 2001 on the linux-kernel mailing list.
I (Eric) was the one asking the question that time. I was seeing
mysterious lockups on a Tyan S2464 motherboard. The listmembers supplied
the critical information I needed to solve them.
By asking the question in the way I did, I gave people something to chew
on; I made it easy and attractive for them to get involved. I
demonstrated respect for my peers' ability and invited them to consult
with me as a peer. I also demonstrated respect for the value of their
time by telling them the blind alleys I had already run down.
Afterwards, when I thanked everyone and remarked how well the process
had worked, an lkml member observed that he thought it had worked not
because I'm a "name" on that list, but because I asked the question in
the proper form.
Hackers are in some ways a very ruthless meritocracy; I'm certain he was
right, and that if I had behaved like a sponge I would have been flamed
or ignored no matter who I was. His suggestion that I write up the
whole incident as an instruction to others led directly to the
composition of this guide.
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If You Can't Get An Answer
If you can't get an answer, please don't take it personally that we
don't feel we can help you. Sometimes the members of the asked group may
simply not know the answer. No response is not the same as being
ignored, though admittedly it's hard to spot the difference from
outside.
In general, simply re-posting your question is a bad idea. This will
be seen as pointlessly annoying.
There are other sources of help you can go to, often sources better
adapted to a novice's needs.
There are many online and local user groups who are enthusiasts about
the software, even though they may never have written any software
themselves. These groups often form so that people can help each other
and help new users.
There are also plenty of commercial companies you can contract with
for help, both large and small (Red Hat and LinuxCare are two of the
best known; there are many others). Don't be dismayed at the idea of
having to pay for a bit of help! After all, if your car engine blows a
head gasket, chances ar you would take it to a repair shop and pay to
get it fixed. Even if the software didn't cost you anything, you can't
expect that support will always come for free.
For popular software like Linux, there are are at least 10,000 users per
developer. It's just not possible for one person to handle the
support calls from over 10,000 users. Remember that even if you have
to pay for support, you are still paying much less than if you had to
buy the software as well (and support for closed-source software is
usually more expensive and less competent than support for open-source
software).
--
─┼────────────────┼─
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│ 没屁硬挤 锻炼身体 │
│ 屁放得响 能当校长 │
│ 屁放得臭 能当教授 │
─┼────────────────┼─
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