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George Orwell And the Politics of Animal Farm
Introduction
George Orwell was a quiet, decent Englishman who passionately hated two thin
gs: inequality and political lying. Out of his hatred of inequality came a d
esire for a society in which class privileges would not exist.
The first of Orwell's great cries of despair was Animal Farm, his satirical
beast fable, often heralded as his lightest, gayest work. It resembles the R
ussian Revolution and the rise of Stalin. And so, he says, he "thought of ex
posing the Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by almost
anyone and which could be easily translated into other languages." Orwell h
ere paints a grim picture of the political 20th century, a time he believed
marked the end of the very concept of human freedom.
About the Author
He was born Eric Blair--he took the name George Orwell many years later-
-in 1903, in India. His father was an important British civil servant in tha
t country, which was then part of the British Empire. At the age of eight, G
eorge Orwell was sent to a preparatory boarding school on the South Coast of
England. In this atmosphere of constant taunting and endless competition fo
r scholarships, Orwell developed contempt for any type of authority.
He graduated from Eton at eighteen, near the bottom of his class. There
was no chance of a scholarship to Oxford, so Eric followed in his father's f
ootsteps and passed the Empire's Civil Service Examination. During these yea
rs, Orwell witnessed Imperialism at its worst; saw hangings, floggings, and
filthy prisons, and he "was forced to assert a superiority over the Burmese
which he never really felt." Little economic or cultural progress was made
and Orwell left this situation with the conviction that Imperialism was too
evil to risk one's life for.
When he came back to Europe in 1927, he lived for more than a year in Par
is, writing novels and short stories that nobody published. When his money r
an out, he had to find work as a teacher, a private tutor, and even as a dis
hwasher. He was poor--but of his own choice. His family could have sent him
the money to get back to England and find a better job than dishwashing in a
Paris hotel. Perhaps he was too proud to ask for help. But there was anothe
r, deeper reason: he felt guilty for the job he had done in Burma--for havin
g been part of an oppressive government. He saw his years of poverty as puni
shment--and as a way to understand the problems of the oppressed and helples
s by becoming one of them.
By 1933 he had come up from the bottom enough to write a book about it: Down
and Out in Paris and London. Probably to save his family embarrassment, Eri
c asked that the book be published under a pen name. He suggested a few to h
is publisher. One of them was the name of a river he loved: Orwell. The next
year, "George Orwell” published Burmese Days, a sad, angry novel about his
experiences there.
In 1936 came another significant experience in Orwell's life. His publisher
sent him to the English coal-mining country to write about it. Here he again
saw poverty close up--not the "picturesque" poverty of Paris streets and En
glish tramps, but the dreary poverty of tough men killing themselves in the
dark mines day after day, or--worse still--hungry and out of work. He wrote
a powerful piece of first-hand reporting about what he saw there: The Road t
o Wigan Pier.
Afterwards, Orwell described himself as "pro-Socialist," yet he was ofte
n bitterly critical of British socialists. To refuse to "join" his own side,
to insist instead on telling the unpleasant truth as he saw it, was to beco
me an Orwell trademark.
In 1937, however, Orwell did join a side he believed in, and it almost c
ost him his life: he volunteered to fight for the Republic in the Spanish Ci
vil War.
Two experiences were crucial for Orwell in the Spanish Civil War. The fi
rst was what he saw when he got there. In Barcelona, Orwell found an exhilar
ating atmosphere of "comradeship and respect," everyone addressing each othe
r as "comrade," treating each other as equals. The same thing was true, he s
aid, of the militia group he joined. Orwell believed he was seeing the succe
ss of socialism in action.
The second thing that marked Orwell was what happened to his fellow figh
ters. They were jailed and shot--not by Franco, but by their own "comrades,"
Communist-dominated elements of the same Republican government they were fi
ghting for! The Communists disagreed with some of the views of the militia g
roup Orwell belonged to; they suspected the men of being disloyal to Communi
st ideas. Luckily for Orwell, he was not rounded up with his fellow soldiers
. He had been shot through the throat on the front lines and was shipped bac
k to England for treatment.
So Orwell had seen the socialist ideal in action, and he had seen it cru
shed--not by its natural enemies on the Right, but by Communists on the Left
. And he had seen the infuriating incapacity of the Left, even the non-Commu
nist Left, to accept that truth. All of this was very much on his mind when,
in the middle of World War II, he resigned his job on the BBC (the Army wou
ldn't take him because of his bad lungs) and began writing Animal Farm, in N
ovember 1943.
Novelistic Features
As its title implies, Animal Farm is set on a farm. But Orwell uses the
farm to represent a universe in miniature. It sometimes seems idyllic, peace
ful, fresh, and spring-like. Usually moments when it is perceived in this wa
y contrast ironically with the real situation of the animals. The setting su
ggests an attitude: "this could be utopia, but..." It does not really intere
st Orwell in itself. Sometimes he sketches a wintry, bleak, cold decor, a pe
rfect backdrop for hard times. Here readers could think of the setting as a
metaphor--a way of representing hard times.
Animal Farm concerns one of the central political experiences of the mod
ern time: revolution. On those relatively rare occasions when men and women
have decided to change radically the system of government they were born und
er, there has been revolution. It has been on the rise in the last three hun
dred years of human history. If people want to understand the world they liv
e in, they must try to understand the phenomenon of revolution--the how, the
why, the what-happens-then. One way of doing so is to see how an imaginativ
e writer deals with it. People can think of this as an important benefit of
reading Animal Farm.
Animal Farm is also about another crucial political phenomenon of the mo
dern time, which is perhaps unique to the 20th century: the rise of the tota
litarian state. Even though he's less concerned with totalitarianism in Anim
al Farm than in his novel 1984, Orwell does give readers an imaginative anal
ysis of totalitarian dictatorship in Animal Farm. So another thing reader ca
n get from this book is a feel for how a modern dictatorship works.
The immediate object of attack in Orwell's political satire is the socie
ty that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The ev
ents narrated in Animal Farm obviously and continuously refer to events in a
nother story, the history of the Russian Revolution. In other words, Animal
Farm is not only a charming fable and a bitter political satire; it is also
an allegory.
People can enjoy Animal Farm without knowing this, of course, just as ma
n can enjoy Swift's Gulliver's Travels without realizing that it, too, is a
bitter satire and in places a political allegory. But to understand the book
as fully as possible, readers are expected to pay attention to the historic
al allegory.
Orwell’s Political Paradox Presented in Animal Farm
George Orwell had a peculiar fate: a committed socialist writer, he was to h
ave his two most popular books, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, which
were considered the most reactionary novels in communistic world. It has bee
n argued by a number of commentators that there was something about both boo
ks that made them so accessible to the right, to an anti-socialist reading.
However, his premature death prevented him reaffirming his socialism in
more positive fashion. As his early experience had implied, Orwell might hav
e considered himself a socialist. But because of his background, his theoret
ical inadequacies, his political inconsistencies, his pessimism, the books w
ere, in fact, reactionary.
Animal Farm argues that revolutions always fail, always end in betrayal,
shows the working class as stupid, incapable of self-rule. At the same time
, the book is a marvelous socialist protest against Stalinism, written by so
meone who can quite legitimately be described as a 'literary Trotskyist'.
As argument goes, Orwell certainly had inadequacies and inconsistencies in h
is political thinking, the two decisive factors allowing the confiscation of
Animal Farm by the right were in fact the changing political context and mu
ch of the left's continuing sympathy for the Soviet Union. When Orwell wrote
the book, cooperation between Russia and the West was still the order of th
e day but this was quickly to break down into the Cold War. The assertion th
at the Russian ruling class (the pigs) were as bad as the Western ruling cla
sses (the humans) was perverted into an attack on the Soviet Union on behalf
of the Western Powers. This was certainly not what Orwell intended.
If cooperation had continued, as Orwell had expected when he wrote the book,
then it would have been read very differently. The other problem, one that
caused Orwell continued concern, was that most of the left believed that Rus
sia, even under Stalin, was still somehow progressive, a workers' state of s
ome kind, even socialist.
However, what's ironical, Animal Farm is by no means a reactionary novel tha
t rejects revolutionary change. It is difficult to see how this interpretati
on can be sustained when readers consider the Major's tremendous indictment
of capitalism and call for revolution at the start of the book. All this cle
arly has authorial endorsement. There is absolutely no doubt that Orwell's s
ympathies are with the working class (the farm animals) in their revolutiona
ry overthrow of Farmer Jones and establishment of a workers' state (Animal F
arm).
What follows is the story of the betrayal of the Russian Revolution and rise
of Stalinism, of a new privileged class, told as fable. The chosen form of
the novel inevitably involves simplification but the extent to which this si
mplifies its socialist politics is most debatable. His portrayal of the farm
animals as so easily fooled by Napoleon and the pigs is the book's weakest
spot; indeed, in much of Orwell's writing he stumbles over the question of w
orking-class consciousness.
Nevertheless, despite this important weakness, the two crucial elements of t
he book are its support for the overthrow of Farmer Jones and its indictment
of the revolution's betrayal by the pigs. Once again it has to be emphasize
d that as far as Orwell was concerned the pigs had become as bad as, indisti
nguishable from, not worse than, the humans had. The famous last scene where
the farm animals look in through the window and can no longer tell them apa
rt was a satire of the Tehran Conference involving Stalin and his Western Al
lies.
As for the notion that Animal Farm suggests that all revolutions are doo
med to betrayal, Orwell argued quite explicitly against that view elsewhere,
condemning it as conservative. He certainly believed that all revolutions '
fail' but only because utopia was unobtainable. This did not mean they were
not worthwhile and would not improve things, make the world better - though
never perfect. Moreover, there is every reason to believe that he would have
welcomed the revolutionary overthrow of the communist regimes.
As to the description of Orwell as a literary Trotskyist, he was never a
member of a Trotskyist organization and explicitly rejected essential aspec
ts of Trotskyist politics, nevertheless Homage To Catalonia, Animal Farm and
Nineteen Eighty-Four, together with much of his journalism, are deeply infl
uenced by Trotskyist ideas. Indeed, it can be argued that they amount to an
unacknowledged dialogue with Trotskyism. Most commentators greatly exaggerat
e the influence of the former Trotskyist. In fact, he had a considerable fam
iliarity with the politics of the Trotskyist movement and can best be seen a
s criticizing Burnham from a position influenced by Trotskyism.
This to him was "democratic socialism." His hatred of political lying and hi
s support for socialism led him to denounce the political lie that what was
going on in the Soviet Union had anything to do with socialism. As long as p
eople equated the Soviet Union with socialism, he felt, no one could appreci
ate what democratic socialism might be like.
Orwell was himself to describe Animal Farm as Trotskyist 'in the wide sense
' and this seems a useful description of much of his political writing. The
reason why this is either played down or ignored in most accounts of Orwell'
s work is, put quite simply, that it is not acceptable that such an importan
t literary figure should have such connections.
Conclusion
Animal Farm is the story of a revolution gone sour. Animalism, Communism
, and Fascism are all illusions which are used by the pigs as a means of sat
isfying their greed and lust for power. As Lord Acton wrote: "Power tends to
corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely." So long as the animals canno
t remember the past, because it is being continually altered, they will have
no control over the present and hence over the future.
The allegory is very precise in its use of the major figures and inciden
ts of the Russian Revolution. It expresses quite nakedly those aspects of St
alinism that most disturbed Orwell. At the same time the humbleness and warm
th of the narrative gives an attractive obliqueness without turning the dire
ction of the satire.
However, this grim little parable is by no means about Russia alone. Orw
ell is concerned to show how revolutionary ideals of justice, equality and f
raternity always shatter in the event. As A. E. Dyson comments in The Crazy
Fabric: Essays in Irony (1965), the ironic reversals in Animal Farm could be
fairly closely related to real events since the work was written--this is n
ot the least of their effectiveness--as well as to the events on which they
were based.
It is not merely that revolutions are self-destructive--Orwell also is paint
ing a grim picture of the human condition in the political twentieth century
, a time which he has come to believe marks the end of the very concept of h
uman freedom. At the end, all the representatives of the various ideologies
are indistinguishable--they are all pigs, all pigs are humans.
Communism is no better and no worse than capitalism or fascism. The ideals o
f socialism were long ago lost in Clover's uncomprehending gaze over the far
m. Perhaps more distressing yet is the realization that everyone, the good a
nd the bad, the deserving and the wicked, are not only contributors to the t
yranny, are not only powerless before it, but are unable to understand it.
The potential hope of the book is finally expressed only in terms of ignoran
ce (Boxer), wistful inarticulateness (Clover), or the tired, cynical belief
that things never change (Benjamin). The inhabitants of this world seem to d
eserve their fate.
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