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Do the Chinese Have Religion?
It is a rather popular saying that in Chinese culture there is no religi
on. It is certainly true that in China ever the mass of the people do not ta
ke seriously to religion. The temples, rites and ceremonies of Taoism and Bu
ddhism in China are more objects of recreation that of edification; they tou
ch the aesthetic sense, so to speak, of the Chinese people rather than their
moral or religious sense. In fact, they appeal more to their imagination th
an to their hear or soul. But instead of saying that the Chinese have no rel
igion, it is perhaps more correct to say that the Chinese do not want—do no
t feel the need of religion.
Now what is the explanation of this extraordinary fact that the Chinese
people, even the mass of the population in China, do not feel the need of re
ligion? It is thus given by an Englishman, Sir Robert K. Douglas, Professor
of Chinese in the London University, in his study of Confucianism, says: “U
pwards of forty generations of China have been absolutely subjected to the d
icta of one man. Being a Chinese the teachings of Confucius were specially s
uited to the nature of those he taught. That learned English professor is ri
ght, when he says that the Chinese people do not feel the need of religion,
because they have the teachings of Confucius, but he is altogether wrong, wh
en he asserts that the Chinese people do not feel the need of religion becau
se the Mongolian mind is phlegmatic and unspeculative. In the first place re
ligion is not a matter of speculation. Religion is a matter of feeling, of e
motion; it is something which has to do with the human soul. The wild, savag
e man of Africa even, as soon as he emerges from a mere animal life and what
is called the soul in him, is awakened, and feel the need of religion.
The truth of the matter is, --the reason why the Chinese people do not f
eel the religion is because they have in Confucianism a system of philosophy
and ethics, a synthesis of human society and civilization which can take th
e place of religion. People say that Confucianism is not a religion. It is p
erfectly true that Confucianism if not a religion in the ordinary European s
ense of the word. But then the greatness of Confucianism lies even in this,
that it is not a religion. In fact, the greatness of Confucianism is that, w
ithout being a religion, it can take the place of religion; it can make men
do without religion.
Now in order to understand how Confucianism can take the place of religi
on we must try and find out the reason why mankind, why men feel the need of
religion. Mankind feel the need of religion fore the same reason that they
feel the need of science, of art and of philosophy. The reason is because ma
n is a being who has a soul. For the mass of mankind who are not poets, arti
sts, philosophers or men of science, what is it that can lighten for them th
e burden of life? It is religion.
But Confucianism, without being a religion, can take the place of religi
on. Therefore, there must be something in Confucianism which can give to the
mass of mankind the same sense of security and permanence which religion af
fords them. Confucius, who also saw the suffering and misery of the society
and civilization, thought he recognized the evil was not in the nature and c
onstitution of society and civilization, but in the wrong track which societ
y and civilization had taken, in the wrong basis which men had taken for the
foundation of society and civilization. Confucius told the Chinese people n
ot to throw away their civilization. In fact, Confucius tried hard all his l
ife to put society and civilization on the right track; to give a true basis
, and thus prevent the destruction of civilization. The greatest service he
did was that, in saving the drawings and plans of their civilization, he mad
a new synthesis, a new interpretation of the plans of that civilization, an
d in that new synthesis he gave the Chinese people the true idea of a State
---a true, rational, permanent, absolute basis of a State.
In a broad sense, Confucianism is a religion just as Christianity or Bud
dhism is a religion. But the real difference between Confucianism and a reli
gion in the European sense is that the one has a supernatural origin and ele
ment in it, whereas the other has not. In other words, Christianity or Buddh
ism is a personal religion, or church religion, while Confucianism is a soci
al religion, or what might be called a State religion. A religion in the Eur
opean sense of the word teaches a man to be a good man. But Confucianism doe
s more than that; Confucianism teaches a man to be a good citizen. Therefore
, the greatest services Confucius has done for the Chinese nation, is that h
e gave them a true idea of a State. Now in giving this true idea of state, C
onfucius made that idea of religion. In Europe politics is a science, but in
China, since Confucius’s time, politics is a religion. In a way Confucius
taught the divine right of kings. In view of the foregoing, it is save to co
nclude that, as to the question we pose in the title, the accurate answer mi
ght be beyond simply saying Yes or No.
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