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发信人: tst (洛知秋), 信区: English
标 题: no way out:an island in impasse
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年05月29日17:06:38 星期一), 站内信件
No way out: and island in impasse
Abraham
Class One
Ms Rachel Batchilder
May 30,2000
No Way Out: An Island in Impasse
Beijing was still counting on wonder even on the eve of May 20, on which
day Chen Shui-bian, the first president-elect of opposition party in Taiwan,
would take office and make inauguration address. Yet no wonder appeared on
Saturday at all. Chen, tactfully, maybe not wisely, chose a middle-of-the-ro
ad approach to evade "One China" principle, the bottom line Beijing pressing
Taipei for reaffirming . Another dangerous signal conveyed from the speech
is that this Taiwan-born leader refused to personally identify himself with
Chinese throughout the ceremony. Though no hint indicates some unusual milit
ary maneuvers in mainland are at hand, the final opportunity for renewing a
benign relationship over the Strait obviously came to nothing. Taiwan, the g
eographic hostage of domestic and international conflict, the ambivalent Ham
let of ideological and ethnic divergence, has been helplessly trapped in an
increasingly unbreakable impasse. A clear-cut solution is but beyond the wit
s of any side. Pessimism might never be too much in the foreseeable future.
The strongest argument that backs up this pessimistic outlook stems from
a simple, but for a long time intentionally overlooked fact, that is, for al
l peace dialogue appeals or friendly initiatives have been made, there is ne
arly no ground for a political negotiation in terms of peaceful reunificatio
n over the half century, and perhaps in a distant future.
It is generally accepted that both sides used to take a common stand on t
he question of unification insofar as "One China" had a legislative justific
ation in the laws of Taiwan. Should that prove to be the case, such a consen
sus stayed but merely on words. The starting point for understanding the dec
eptive consensus is to recognize that, though Chiang Kai-shek and his son Ch
iang Ching-kuo were the most radical nationalists and emphasized the subordi
nate status of Taiwan Province throughout their Regime (1949-1988), they nev
er really meant to act out the slogan "recover the mainland" through invasio
n or negotiation. That they vocally stressed the mission of reunification o
nly served as an excuse for imposing perpetual martial law, under which they
could legally repress opposition and maintain dictatorship. Hence, at that
time, "One China" principle was a propaganda tool for Kuomintang , rather th
an a sort of solid ground to hold negotiation. National Unification Guidelin
e passed in 1991 might suggests a hallmark of pro-unification consensus in t
he island in post-Chiang era. This guideline divides the process of unifying
China into three steps and is largely appreciated by Beijing. However the
problem is, Lee Teng-hui administration showed little interest in carrying o
ut the plan. Furthermore, his "pursuit for an international survival space",
which a year after his controversial visit to Cornell in 1995, flung the ma
inland into wax and "sparked a tense military stand-off." All the evidence
prove an upsetting conclusion---Koumintang's "One China" policy shared but
nothing with Beijing's; the former referred to "the Republic of China", and
the latter "the People's Republic of China". Then, there is no wonder why th
e first bilateral top dialogue in 1992 (Koo Chen-fu & Wang Daohan) was finis
hed off with such a joint-statement, that is, "One China but different inter
pretation." No other negotiation could be more ironic than this one---agree
to a disagreement.
Provided it is true that the PRC could still make do with the interpretat
ive ambiguity of "One China" and regard Kuomintang as a negotiable rival, Le
e Teng-hui's "Two State Theory" delivered on July 9, 1999, totally smashed t
he originally poor confidence of Beijing towards Taipei. Even the former lit
eral ground that only stayed on paper sunk into the Strait. The policymaker
in Beijing finally came to see that Taipei had been politically drifted away
from the mainland. What's more terrible is Lee's opinion largely represente
d a vast consensus in common Taiwanese, who were traditionally regarded as a
power group that in favor of unification in Beijing's propaganda. According
to a government poll, in 1993 there were 48% of the people considered thems
elves Chinese, 17% Taiwanese, and 33% both Chinese and Taiwanese, but in 199
9 the three figures dramatically changed to 12%, 37% and 45%.
"The island's newfound sense of liberation", as Yeh Tao-chua, an analyst
in AFP put it, not only catches the long repressed aborigine but the younger
ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. These voters sneer at "One China" principle, res
oundingly pursue independence and have and increasingly important leverage o
n policy-making. The remarkable rise of the 13-year-old Democratic Progressi
ve Party (DPP), and the defeat, or disintegration rather, of 106-year-old Ku
omintang in the latest general election just affirms the uncontrollable grow
th of nationalism and separatism in the local area. Though an independent so
vereignty of Taiwan is not officially recognized in the world yet, Taiwanese
have cumulatively alienated from its motherland. It is a social and cultura
l split beyond geopolitics, and makes the prospective negotiation---should p
olicymakers of both sides still have patience to bargain---more and more gro
undless.
Viewed from another perspective, Taiwan is not the sole decisive factor t
hat contributes to the present impasse; Beijing's blundering speeds up the e
rosion of the hope of any peaceful negotiation. "One China, Two System", dat
ing from Ye Jian-ying's Nine Points (1979) and Jiang Ze-min's Eight Points (
1992) , winded up the 30 years military confrontation over the strait and of
fered a generous bid as far as Beijing is concerned. It assures the existed
independence of administration in Taiwan, but denies its independence of sov
ereignty within Taiwanese, which have already taken for granted. It is a con
structive innovation, but it is too rough to be accepted by Taiwanese, who t
hink in such a deal they will get nothing new but losing dignity. Moreover,
the communist party sanctifies, or fossilizes rather, the underdeveloped pro
posal of Deng Xiao-ping and makes it less and less attractive. The democrati
zation of Taiwan began from the late 1980s should have provided a good oppor
tunity to build up mutual understanding and trust. However, the Tiananmen Ma
ssacre in 1989 made the mainland regress into the domination of conservative
s and reaffirmed the stereotyped abhorrence towards communism among Taiwanes
e. Beijing also gave no sight to the growth of nationalism in Taiwan in 1990
s and misvalued consensus within the island. No example could be more persua
sive than the last two general elections in 1996 and 2000. In the two electi
ons, which chose leader through direct voting and were regarded as a hallmar
k of democratization, Beijing unsuccessfully tried to sway the result throug
h military intervention threat. As a result, the corrupt generals of the mai
nland assume their power and stirring nationalism consolidates the sense of
intransigence in Taiwan. With the exacerbation of animosity, more and more m
ainlanders begin to prefer a brisk brutal conquer, which will take no sweat
according to the local media. Thus, as Economist argues, "China's rulers bec
ome prisoners of their own propaganda" when they actually want to keep milit
ary threat but in rhetoric.
If Taiwan Issue were only an internal crisis, such as Chechen, military a
ction would be a better settlement to crack down the disputes mentioned abov
e. Unfortunately, Taiwan is another Kosovo, and maybe much more complex and
explosive. All foreign powers involved wished a permanent equilibrium over t
he Strait, rather than a clear-cut solution, either militarily or politicall
y. That is another important reason that make a breakthrough of the impasse
inconceivable in the foreseeable future.
The United States has a traditional role in Taiwan question, which is des
cribed as "the most sensitive issue at the core of the normalization of Chin
a-US relations." As the iron curtain of cold war fell down in late 1940s, T
aiwan naturally became the very link on the strategic chain that extends fro
m Japan to Philippine and thus besieges the communist countries, mainly incl
uding the Soviet Union and the newborn PRC. After the outbreak of the Korean
War in 1950, Taiwan's status as an ally with the US was extraordinarily str
engthened. President Truman ordered the Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait
s and helped Chiang Kai-shek defend the communist invasion of the PRC. It is
the direct reason that resulted in the detachment of Taiwan, otherwise the
island would have already been controlled by the PLA (The People's Liberatio
n Army). Such equilibrium, as Mao Jia-qi analyzes in Taiwan's Thirty Years,
lasted till the 1970s, when American turned to the mainland as an ally again
st the expansionism of Moscow. But as a cost of the three Communiqués , Co
ngress passed Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 to contain the communist China by
selling weaponry to Taiwan. Moreover, after the Cold War, as Robert S. Ross
indicates, the significance of Sino-America alliance faded and human rights
became an important concern in Capitol Hill. At the same time, Taiwan's vi
brant achievements on democratization and economy make many Representatives
believe, "Taiwan has become the sort of thriving democratic entity that the
United States wants to promote around the world."
Of course they are also convinced of the moral responsibility to keep com
munism out of the island. Since independence at risk of a third world war is
still out of the question, at least at present, "strategic ambiguity" then
becomes the best alternative to counterbalance the two sides---hinder unifi
cation and discourage independence. In doing so, Washington can stabilize th
e New World Order in East Asia and make an enormous profit in arms sale. In
other words, maintaining the impasse of Taiwan Issue meets the maximum inter
ests of the United States in international strategy and domestic economy.
Like America, Japan, Korea, India and Philippine have no desire of pushin
g for unification of China. In their views, China is a potential threat to t
he peace of East Asia. Zhao Xiao-wei, in The Threat of a New Arms Race Domin
ates Asian Geopolitics, argues that Beijing, who is suspicious of missile pr
oliferation and territory expansion, is the most dangerous provocateur in th
is area . Taiwan just clutches China's throat that leading to a vast territo
ry on seas. If only Taipei checks Beijing, no PLA warships dare to cruise an
d declare sovereignty on the controversial islands. All the neighbors benefi
t much from the confrontation over the Straits. Recently, Japan's challenge
in Diaoyu Island, a tiny but strategically important island placed in the ba
ckyard of Taiwan, is good evidence.
Conditioned by the intertwined contradictions inside and outside of China
, Taiwan Issue has become a dead knot that nobody can untie. President Putin
chopped open the knot of Chechen, just like Alexander. However, in Taiwan's
case, when peace unification seems hopeless, military invasion leads to a d
ead end as well.
The reasons here are quite simple in a physical sense. First of all, the
National Army stationed in Taiwan is not a paper tiger as Beijing scorned. T
aipei has imported a quantity of advanced weaponry from the US, including ai
rcraft, warship, radar, and the so-called TMD (Theatre Missile Defense Syste
m). The 90-mile stretch of sea that separates the mainland from Taiwan also
amounts to a formidable defense----it is common sense that island is easy to
defend to hard to invade. Some experts estimate that the casualty rate for
the defender and attacker is about one to ten.
Another consideration is that air force and navy, upon which the whole in
vasion heavily relies, are the underbelly of the PLA. Despite of the quality
and quantity of ground force, as the commander in chief of the US Pacifica
Fleet, Admiral Thomas Fargo says, any Chinese attempt to take Taiwan is unli
kely to succeed. On May 13,200, Reuters also points out China's inability a
fter analyzing satellite pictures of Chinese air force.
The United States would be the first foreign country involved once war br
eaks out. Its allies in NATO or Asia would likely to join in against China a
ccording to joint defense treaty. China's antiquated military would certainl
y come out the loser. However, like Patrick E. Tyler warns, "the prospect of
losing is not likely to deter the PLA", because Chinese people are always w
illing to make a greater sacrifice, suffer more destruction than America or
Taiwan, to prevail a fundamental issue of sovereignty. If nuclear war comes
, such a holocaust would win nothing but a human disaster.
Taiwan Issue is not a legacy of the Liberation War in 1940s, but is a sus
pended civil war quite likely to take place in a near future. No other issue
s happened or happening in the world could be used for reference. No interna
tional laws or institutions could make a justice judge for both sides. The m
ost optimistic prediction is everything will not be worse. President Chen Sh
ui-bian has promised he will not declare independence or referendum, and wil
l not amend the constitution in his term. But Beijing will not be satisfied.
More face-to-face conflicts are forthcoming if neither side could make a co
mpromise. Federation, said to be the bottom line of Taipei, is absolutely un
acceptable in Beijing, because a federated state would have the right to sep
arate from the central government by referendum. Maybe wonder would happen i
n future; yet before the day's arrival, pessimism is the only convincing ass
umption on this issue.
========================================================================
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