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发信人: tst (洛之秋), 信区: English
标 题: 书评:评盖茨比的双重人格(英文)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年09月13日12:23:07 星期三), 站内信件
The Psychoanalysis of Gatsby's Ambivalence
and Fitzgeral's Inner World
洛之秋
As the third novel by Fitzgeral, The Great Gatsby was extoled by T. S.
Eliot, never a hasty or extravagant critic, as "the first step that American
fiction has taken since Henry James". Since it's published in 1925, much wo
rk has been done by critics, especially those formalists, to reveal its symb
olic significance and aesthetic craftsmanship. Yet, the striking resemblance
between Gatsby in fiction and Fitzgerald in the real world drives people to
wonder why Fitzgerald, a man insightfully satirized the essential callousne
ss of the gay brittle life of the Jazz Age, himself became a completed victi
m of the decadenct surroundings and had a tragic fate which was not a little
better than Gatsby's. Suppose that literature is the expression of the auth
or's psyche, there must be a psychological approach deserves to be tried to
justify the relationship between Gatsby's personality and Fitzgerald's inner
world.
According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is divided into three fun
ctional parts------Id, Ego and Superego. Id is the container of the instintu
al desire and Superego the idealized image that a person build of himself in
response to authority and social pressure. Ego, the rational, thoughtful, r
ealistic personality process, is the result of conflict between Id and Super
ego. When the conflict can't be harmonized, human personality splits into tw
o contradictory parts, where Id and Superego dominate Ego alternately. That'
s also called Ambivalence.
In Gatsby's case, such an ambivalent personality finds its thorough exp
ression. Born in a midwest town, Jay Gatsby dramatically sprung up from a bo
otlegger after retired from the Great War. He became a supertycoon and held
a succession of extravagent parties at his mansion. However, the seeming tre
mendous change of social role couldn's transform a "pauper" into a "prince"
overnight, at least in the sense of psychological adaptation. The inability
of being detached from the humble past made Gatsby always feel insecure for
his social statues. He rigidly covered up his origin, only to find more biza
rre rumors around him (Is he a graduate of Oxford? Is he a murderer?). "Jame
s Gatz", his former name and a symbol of his Id, haunted as a shadow with "J
ay Gatsby", his current name and a symbol of his Superego. As a result, Nick
Carraway, the narrator of the "dual hero" ficition, talked to him at the pa
rty for a while without realizing who he was; for Gatsby could never quite l
ive up to the magnificent role has has reached for himself. His suit, though
imported from Paris, was cheap looking and looked like "a pink rag". His ho
use was a bad imitation of a French chateau, while his car, which was excess
of ostentatious gadgetry, was no more than "a huge tank". Even his manners
on the social occasions were nervous and overly formal.
All of these ridicules reflected his imcampability with the aristocrati
c group and his Ego scattered by Id and Superego.More significantly,they con
formed to Fitzgerald's frustrating early years----his father's business fail
ure and his mother's chilled social hopes; unhappy years at boarding school
and low grades in Princeton. Though born in a privileged class, his social p
osition was rather ambiguous; neither "aristocrats" nor "nobodies". Therefor
e Fitzgerald subconsciously worried about his membership in the upper class
and expressed his insecurity, maybe without full awareness of it, in his wri
tings even after he had carved out his reputation by The Side of Paradise. A
nd viewed from a Freudian perspective, his amazingly luxurious way of squand
ering money ( in his peak time, as long as Scott's name appeared as author,
the stories commanded fees of up to $4,000 each; yet the Fitzgeralds ran thr
ough the profit so quickly that they were constantly in huge debt.) could be
regarded as a psychological compensation of his worries. Still, his Ego was
far from reconcilable. In his later novels, like The Great Gatsby, though r
ich and glamorous people dominated,the undercurrent of the theme was but dis
illusionment for the hypocrisy of the Uppers.
Besides the similar ambivalent attitude towards material success, Gatsb
y and Fitzgerald shared another common aspect----about love, or woman, rathe
r, which is a core in the American Dream of the two.
Daisy Buchanan was Gatsby's youthful lover when he was still a penniles
s captain and unable to make a proposal to her aristocratic father. After he
returned from the War, Daisy had been the wife of Tom. To regain her love a
nd attract her attention, he earned a huge amount of money and held extravag
ent parties on the other side of her house throughout the summer. The most m
emorable scene occured when Gatsby showed his storage of silk shirts to Dais
y, his "fairy girl" was disgustingly moved to tears. Daisy's comment on Gats
by was also alarmingly shallow; for she considered her former lover charming
just because his face was "cool" like in "commericial ads". And her irrespo
nsibility for her own child, who could be thrown away like a toy when she wa
s impatient, completed the fact that Daisly was just mentally lacking of sub
stance. Obviously, to many readers moved by Gatsby's romanticism, it is an u
nbearable shame for Gatsby to devote his enormous energe and, to some extent
, life to such a "vast, vulgar and meretricious" creature. But more ironical
ly, it was Gatsby who classically summarized Daisy's emptiness----"Her voice
is full of money." So here is a paradox, that is, Gatsby loved Daisy but no
t the woman herself. When Gatsby drafted his Franklin-like schedule in adole
scence, he had prepared himself a pre-packaged ideal already, including an i
dealistic fairy girl, maybe somewhat resembled to Daisy he met late. Therefo
re, when Gatsby stared at the "green light" across the bay, what he pursued
was the "Golden Girl" in Ideal, rather than the parasitic and vulgar Daisy.
His Id saw through Daisy but his Superego told him to idealize this woman co
ntinually. Therefore Gatsby pretended to believe that he could regain her lo
ve and restore the past. His romantic loyalty laid upon his insistent belief
in the American Dream, instead of upon his unretrievable love.
The archetype of Daisy, of course, was taken from Fitzgerald's wife Zel
da. Fitzgerald's courtship with Zelda was almost the copy of Gatsby's. Zelda
broke up the engagement with Fitzgerald until he gained his literary succes
s in 1920. Her love to Gatzby was closely connetcted with her husband's fame
and income. This traumatic experience molded Fitzgerald's ambivalent attitu
de towards woman----he loved and worshiped the physical beauty of women,but,
at the same time, he bore a distrust and fear for them. As a "Golden Boy" i
n literary world, he regarded his marriage with Zelda as a fulfillment of hi
s personal success and a reaffirmment of his aritocratic membership. Arthur
Mizener also points out that Fitzgerald "never loved merely the paticular wo
man; what he loved was her embodiment for him of all the splendid possibilit
ies of lif he could, in his romantic hopefullness, magine." So in Fitzgerald
's psyche, he depicted his stereotyped woman in his novels insightfully and
craftily, but on the other hand, he couldn't resist her temptation and get a
way from her destructive influence. That also explained Fitzgerald's tragedy
at the end----his talent gave him an intuitional comprehension of the Jazz
Age (his The Great Gatsby provided the best evidence), but his ambivalent pe
rsonality prevented him from overpassing his psychological weakness.
--
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