发信人: light (画家), 信区: ECE
标 题: How to Write Papers in English (3)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon Nov 30 10:48:33 1998), 转信
发信人: October (秋日传奇), 信区: DEE
标 题: How to Write Papers in English (3)
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu May 7 09:11:53 1998)
To write your paper, you should proceed as follows:
Step 1: Start by writing a complete first draft of your paper, except
for the Introduction and Conclusion. (It is easiest to leave the
Introduction and Conclusion until after the main body of the paper is
written.) In writing your paper, keep the following in mind:
1. You must always present the big picture first and then work towards
the details. The other way around will not work. This is especially true
in the beginning of Section II, where you are explaining the problem you
are studying.
2. If you get stuck and cannot figure out how to explain something, a
useful trick is to imagine that you are telling a very good friend what
you are working on: just put down the words as you would say them to your
friend.
In writing your first draft, do not worry if the wording is not perfect.
Polishing the document comes later. When you are finished with your
first draft, put it away and do not look at it for a couple of days
before you begin Step 2.
Step 2: Make sure the ideas in the paper are in the right order. If not,
move blocks of the paper around with your text editor until they are.
Ask yourself: "Can the reader understand every passage strictly from the
material up to that point?" if not, add material or move ideas around.
Make sure there not gaps in your logical arguments, and make sure you
are not implicitly assuming that the reader understands something needed
to follow your arguments, even though you have not stated it. The reader
probably understands less than you think.
Step 3: Work on the transitions between ideas. Make sure that at each
stage the reader has a roadmap of where he or she is going. The reader
must be able to see the big picture. At the beginning of each section,
make clear to the reader in advance what the purpose of that section
will be and how that section relates to the preceding material. At the
end of each section, you may also want to remind the reader that you
have now completed what you set out to do in that section. Then, point
out what the purpose of the next section will be, and so forth. These
connection statements are called transitions the reader must always be
able to see where you are going and why and how far you have progressed.
Step 4: Check each paragraph for unity. Each paragraph should have one
main point. Usually the central point of each paragraph is stated in a
topical sentence at the beginning of the paragraph, but not always. You
should not mix different ideas together in the same paragraph. If you
are having trouble getting a certain section of your paper to sound
right, go through that section one paragraph at a time and ask yourself
what the main point of each paragraph is. Fogy writing is often due to
mixed-up paragraphs.
Step 5: Work on the sentences to reduce the fog index. The Fog Index F
is defined as F = 0.4 ( L + P ), where L is the average number of words
per sentence and P is the average number of polysyllables per 100 words
of text. (A polysyllable is a word with three or more syllables.) To
evaluate the Fog Index for your paper, count the number of words per
sentence and the number of polysyllables per 100 words for a
representative portion of your paper five or six hundred words long.
Ideally, you should strive for fog index less than 10. In technical
writing, it is sometimes difficult to get the Fog Index below 10, but
a Fog Index above 15 is a warning that your material will be very hard
for a reader to follow.
Consider the following examples taken from typical office memos. Note
that both memos say the same thing.
Fog Index = 35 : "In order to eliminate the possibility of errors
occurring in the time charges relating to engineering jobs through
transposition of numbers or typing errors, each of the Division
Planning Offices should set up a file of time cards showing all
authorized project numbers and make a daily check of the charges
on all time sheets forwarded to the Accounting Department to be
sure that only authorized numbers are used." ( 1 sentence, 69 words,
13 polysyllables)
Fog Index = 11 : "It is easy to transpose digits and make typing
errors when entering project numbers. We suggest each Division
Planning Office set up a file of time cards showing all authorized
project numbers. Then all charges should be checked each day before
sending time sheets to the Accounting Department." ( 3 sentences,
48 words, 5 polysyllables)
To reduce the fog index, you must do two things: (1) reduce the
length of your sentences (by breaking long sentences into shorter
ones), and (2) get rid of as many complicated words as possible
(by using simpler words instead).
(to be contonued)
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