发信人: light (画家), 信区: ECE
标 题: How to Write Papers in English (4)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon Nov 30 10:52:02 1998), 转信
发信人: October (秋日传奇), 信区: DEE
标 题: How to Write Papers in English (4)
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Thu May 7 09:13:31 1998)
Step 6: Get rid of as many passive verbs as possible. Always check
your paper for passive verbs. ("The data were measured and the
results were correlated.") Change as many verbs as possible into
the active form. ("We measured the data and correlated the results.")
Using too many passive verbs makes your writing boring.
Editor's comment: At their worst, passive verbs can make writing
incomprehensible. The reader always needs to know who is doing what
to whom, and a passive verb often obscures both the agent and the
recipient of an action. In Ted's example, the passive form obscures
who it was that measured the data and correlated the results.
Step 7: Use verbs more than nouns. Do not bury the main action of
your sentences in nouns or adjectives. Instead, let the verbs carry
the action. Consider these examples:
Example: " The annual report produced a disappointed reaction from
the sponsor."
Revision: " The annual report disappointed the sponsor."
Example: " It is our expectation that we will see radiation pattern
improvement when the antenna is elevated."
Revision: " We expect to improve the radiation pattern by elevating
the antenna."
Your writing will sound better if you move the action into the verbs.
Step 8: Get rid of as many abstract words as possible. Your paper
will practically always sound better if you use specific words instead
of abstract words. For example, instead of " We determined the conditions
for performance improvement." say " We measured the noise variance
necessary to increase the bit error probability by 5 percent." The
problem is that abstract words often convey a different meaning to
the reader than the one you intended.
Step 9: Check for consistent use of verb tense. Many technical
professionals change verb tense frequently between the future and
present tense for no reason. You should check that your verb tense is
consistent throughout the paper. Usually it is simplest just to stick
to the present tense: " We present our results in Section III," instead
of " We shall present our results in Section III." (Note that the
correct future tense for the first person (I or we) is "shall", not
"will.")
Step 10: Do not use "this" as a pronoun. Avoid sentences such as
" This is ..." and " This gives ..." When "this" is used as a pronoun,
its antecedent is often missing or poorly defined, and the resulting
writing usually looks amateurish. A typical example in engineering
writing is, " By increasing the impedance, the radiation level is
increased and the electric field becomes stronger. This means that ..."
What specifically does "this" refer to? (Moreover, who did the
"increasing"?) The solution to this problem is to change "this" to an
adjective by inserting a suitable noun. For example, use "This result
is ...," "This difficulty is due to ...," and so forth.
Step 11: Check your entire document for subtle grammatical mistakes.
We are not talking here about elementary grammar problems. Presumably
you do not write egregious sentences such as " He don't got no
potatoes." Rather, the idea is to watch out for more subtle problems,
which are very common in engineering writing.
Step 12: Polish and polish. Check that the sentence rhythm and timing
are pleasing, and that the ideas flow clearly and simply. If some
section does not quite sound right, work on it some more. Eventually
you will get the right wording. You are looking for subtle changes
that will improve the way the paper "flows." The main tools you should
use for this step are: (1) reducing the Fog Index by shortening
sentences and eliminating big words, as discussed in Step 5, and (2)
checking each paragraph to make sure it has one main point, as
described in Step 4. You will get better at this step over time, as
you develop a "feel" for clear writing.
Step 13: Write the Conclusion. The Conclusion section should simply
summarize for the reader what has been presented in the paper.
Step 14: Write the Introduction. The Introduction is frequently the
hardest part of the paper to write. It must be smoothly written. The
Introduction should address each of the items mentioned in the
outline on Page 1. Moreover, the points discussed in Steps 1-13
should all be used to polish your Introduction until it is as smooth
as possible.
Notes
1. The Fog Index was first suggested by Mr. Robert Gunning, an early
advocate of clear writing. Accordingly to him, the factor 0.4 in the
definition makes the Fog Index correspond approximately to the number
of years of education a reader must have to read a document easily.
2. It is hard to make a discussion of grammar interesting, but at
least we can make it brief. In C&D's next Technical Communication
Column: " All you will ever need to know about grammatical mistakes
and how to fix them." One page maximum.
--
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
沧浪之水清兮可以濯吾缨
沧浪之水浊兮可以濯吾足
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM: 166.111.5.99]
--
※ 来源:.紫 丁 香 bbs.hit.edu.cn.[FROM: sys03.hit.edu.cn]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:2.355毫秒