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发信人: lyfe (修身养性), 信区: HITSY
标 题: Therapeutic cloning used to repair immune system
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年03月18日10:10:25 星期一), 站内信件
American mouse cloners have published the first demonstration of how cloning
embryos to produce stem cells can be used to treat a disease. The announcem
ent follows reports that Chinese scientists have harvested stem cells from e
arly human embryo clones.
The new work reveals the promise of the technique and is sure to inflame the
already heated debate over its use.
Rudolf Jaenisch, George Daley, William Rideout and colleagues at the Whitehe
ad Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts combined cl
oning, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and gene therapy to partially correct a s
erious immune defect in mice. ESCs have the capacity to form any tissue in t
he body.
"It certainly looks very promising for human therapy," says Rideout.
Ethical firestorm
Cloning involves fusing a cell with an egg from which the genetic material h
as been removed. The resulting embryo is nearly a perfect genetic copy of th
e donor.
To turn the technology into therapy, a cell from the patient would be used t
o make an embryo. This embryo would then be matured to a blastocyst - a ball
of 100 or so cells, from which ESCs can be harvested. The ESCs would then b
e coaxed to form the desired tissue.
Using this approach, it might be possible to treat or cure diseases such as
Parkinson's, Alzheimer's or diabetes.
But not everyone likes the idea. The mere mention of the therapeutic cloning
is enough to provoke a political and ethical firestorm in the US. Opponents
consider any human embryo an individual human life and consider the destruc
tion of it for research or even medical purposes unjustifiable.
Those in favour say that any such qualms must be measured against alleviatin
g the suffering of thousands of patients. But without a direct demonstration
of therapeutic cloning, the debate has been theoretical.
More than hype
In the last week, therapeutic cloning seems to have taken a sudden jump towa
rds reality. On Wednesday, the Wall Street Journal reported that Chinese sci
entists have already harvested what appear to be embryonic stem cells from d
ozens of cloned human embryos. And the new report by Jaenisch, Daley and col
leagues shows that the excitement about therapeutic cloning is more than jus
t hype.
As a real world test of the idea, the Whitehead team started with mice with
defective copies of the Rag 2 gene, which is required for the formation of m
any of the cells of the immune system. Using skin cells from mouse tails as
donors, they created cloned mouse embryos and harvested ES cells.
They then used gene therapy to introduce a working copy of the Rag 2 gene in
to the stem cells, along with the gene HoxB4, which drove the ESCs to become
the precursors of immune cells. These cells were able to partially restore
the mouse's damaged immune system.
But while the improvement was enough to translate to clinical benefit in hum
ans, it was not perfect. Many of the ESCs did not transform into the missing
immune cells, but instead took a different developmental path. "Driving the
cells the right way is the next avenue we need to explore," says Rideout. "
We're happy with the result, but we'd be more ecstatic if it had worked bett
er."
Journal reference: Cell (DOI:10.1016/S009286740200681)
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