发信人: zjliu (Robusting), 信区: Lixueyuan
标 题: [转载] [名人殿]Paul J. Flory (1910-1985)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Mon Dec 23 18:11:23 2002) , 转信
Paul J. Flory (1910-1985)
高分子科学家。1910年6月19日生于伊利诺伊州斯特灵。1985年9月9日逝世。1934年
在俄亥俄州州立大学获物理化学博士学位,后任职于杜邦公司,进行高分子基础理论研究
。1948年在 的味 大学任教授。1957年任梅隆科学研究所执行所长。1961年任斯坦福大学
化学系教授,1975年退休。1953年当选为美国科学院院士。Flory在高分子物理化学方面
的贡献,几乎遍及各个领域。他是实验家又是理论家,是高分子科学理论的主要开拓者和
奠基人之一。著有《高分子化学原理》和《长链分子的统计力学》等。1974年获诺贝尔化
学奖。
I was born on 19 June, 1910, in Sterling, Illinois, of Huguenot-German
parentage, mine being the sixth generation native to America. My father was
Ezra Flory, a clergyman-educator; my mother, nee Martha Brumbaugh, had been a
schoolteacher. Both were descended from generations of farmers in the New
World. They were the first of their families of record to have attended
college.
My interest in science, and in chemistry in particular, was kindled by a
remarkable teacher, Carl W. Holl, Professor of Chemistry at Manchester
College, a liberal arts college in Indiana, where I graduated in 1931. With
his encouragement, I entered the Graduate School of The Ohio State University
where my interests turned to physical chemistry. Research for my dissertation
was in the field of photochemistry and spectroscopy. It was carried out under
the guidance of the late Professor Herrick L. Johnston whose boundless zeal
for scientific research made a lasting impression on his students.
Upon completion of my Ph.D. in 1934, I joined the Central Research Department
of the DuPont Company. There it was my good fortune to be assigned to the
small group headed by Dr. Wallace H. Carothers, inventor of nylon and
neoprene, and a scientist of extraordinary breadth and originality. It was
through the association with him that I first became interested in exploration
of the fundamentals of polymerization and polymeric substances. His conviction
that polymers are valid objects of scientific inquiry proved contagious. The
time was propitious, for the hypothesis that polymers are in fact covalently
linked macromolecules had been established by the works of Staudinger and of
Carothers only a few years earlier.
A year after the untimely death of Carothers, in 1937, I joined the Basic
Science Research Laboratory of the University of Cincinnati for a period of
two years. With the outbreak of World War II and the urgency of research and
development on synthetic rubber, supply of which was imperiled, I returned to
industry, first at the Esso (now Exxon) Laboratories of the Standard Oil
Development Company (1940-43) and later at the Research Laboratory of the
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (1943-48). Provision of opportunities for
continuation of basic research by these two industrial laboratories to the
limit that the severe pressures of the times would allow, and their liberal
policies on publication, permitted continuation of the beginnings of a
scientific career which might otherwise have been stifled by the exigencies of
those difficult years.
In the Spring of 1948 it was my privilege to hold the George Fisher Baker
Non-Resident Lectureship in Chemistry at Cornell University. The invitation on
behalf of the Department of Chemistry had been tendered by the late Professor
Peter J. W. Debye, then Chairman of that Department. The experience of this
lectureship and the stimulating asociations with the Cornell faculty led me to
accept, without hesitation, their offer of a professorship commencing in the
Autumn of 1948. There followed a most productive and satisfying period of
research and teaching "Principles of Polymer Chemistry," published by the
Cornell University Press in 1953, was an outgrowth of the Baker Lectures.
It was during the Baker Lectureship that I perceived a way to treat the effect
of excluded volume on the configuration of polymer chains. I had long
suspected that the effect would be non-asymptotic with the length of the
chain; that is, that the perturbation of the configuration by the exclusion of
one segment of the chain from the space occupied by another would increase
without limit as the chain is lengthened. The treatment of the effect by
resort to a relatively simple "smoothed density" model confirmed this
expectation and provided an expression relating the perturbation of the
configuration to the chain length and the effective volume of a chain segment.
It became apparent that the physical properties of dilute solutions of
macromolecules could not be properly treated and comprehended without taking
account of the perturbation of the macromolecule by these intramolecular
interactions. The hydrodynamic theories of dilute polymer solutions developed
a year or two earlier by Kirkwood and by Debye were therefore reinterpreted in
light of the excluded volume effect. Agreement with a broad range of
experimental information on viscosities, diffusion coefficients and
sedimentation velocities was demonstrated soon thereafter.
Out of these developments came the formulation of the hydrodynamic constant
called theta, and the recognition of the Theta point at which excluded volume
interactions are neutralized. Criteria for experimental identification of the
Theta point are easily applied. Ideal behavior of polymers, natural and
synthetic, under Theta conditions has subsequently received abundant
confirmation in many laboratories. These findings are most gratifying. More
importantly, they provide the essential basis for rational interpretation of
physical measurements on dilute polymer solutions, and hence for the
quantitative characterization of macromolecules.
In 1957 my family and I moved to Pittsburgh where I undertook to establish a
broad program of basic research at the Mellon Institute. The opportunity to
achieve this objective having been subsequently withdrawn, I accepted a
professorship in the Department of Chemistry at Stanford University in 1961.
In 1966, I was appointed to the J. G. Jackson - C. J. Wood Professorship in
Chemistry at Stanford.
The change in situation upon moving to Stanford afforded the opportunity to
recast my research efforts in new directions. Two areas have dominated the
interests of my co-workers and myself since 1961. The one concerns the spatial
configuration of chain molecules and the treatment of their
configuration-dependent properties by rigorous mathematical methods; the other
constitutes a new approach to an old subject, namely, the thermodynamics of
solutions.
Our investigations in the former area have proceeded from foundations laid by
Professor M. V. Volkenstein and his collaborators in the Soviet Union, and
were supplemented by major contributions of the late Professor Kazuo Nagai in
Japan. Theory and methods in their present state of development permit
realistic, quantitative correlations of the properties of chain molecules with
their chemical constitution and structure. They have been applied to a wide
variety of macromolecules, both natural and synthetic, including polypeptides
and polynucleotides in the former category. The success of these efforts has
been due in no small measure to the outstanding students and research fellows
who have collaborated with me at Stanford during the past thirteen years. A
book entitled "Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules", published in 1969,
summarizes the development of the theory and its applications up to that date.
Mrs. Flory, the former Emily Catherine Tabor, and I were married in 1936. We
have three children: Susan, wife of Professor George S. Springer of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan; Melinda,
wife of Professor Donald E. Groom of the Department of Physics at the
University of Utah; and Dr. Paul John Flory, Jr., currently a post-doctoral
Research Associate at the Medical Nobel Institute in Stockholm. We have four
grandchildren: Elizabeth Springer, Mary Springer, Susanna Groom and Jeremy
Groom.
Paul J. Flory died in 1985.
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Paul J. Flory was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his
fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical
chemistry of the macromolecules.
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