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标 题: [转载] [名人殿]Giulio Natta (1903-1979)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Mon Dec 23 18:12:39 2002) , 转信
Giulio Natta (1903-1979)
Giulio Natta was born at Imperia on February 26, 1903. He graduated in
Chemical Engineering at the Polytechnic of Milan in 1924 and passed the
examinations entitling him to teach there in 1927. In 1933 he was established
on the staff of Pavia University as a full professor and at the same time was
appointed director of the Institute of General Chemistry at that University,
where he stayed till 1935, that is until he was appointed full professor in
physical chemistry at the University of Rome. From 1936 to 1938 he was full
professor and director of the Institute of Industrial Chemistry at the
Polytechnic of Turin. He has been full professor and director of the
Department of Industrial Chemistry at the Milan Polytechnic since 1938.
Now a world famous scientist, Prof. Natta began his career with a study of
solids by means of X-rays and electron diffraction. He then used the same
methods for studying catalysts and the structure of some high organic polymers
(the latter from 1934). His kinetic research on methanol synthesis, on
selective hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds and on oxosynthesis
led to an understanding of the mechanism of these reactions and to an
improvement in the selectivity of catalysts.
In 1938 Prof. Natta began to study the production of synthetic rubber in
Italy; he took part in research work on butadiene and was the first to
accomplish physical separation of butadiene from 1-butadiene by a new method
of extractive distillation.
In 1938 he began to investigate the polymerisation of olefins and the kinetics
of subsequent concurrent reactions. In 1953, with financial aid from a large
Italian chemical company, Montecatini, Prof. Natta extended the research
conducted by Ziegler on organometallic catalysts to the stereospecific
polymerization, thus discovering new classes of polymers with a sterically
ordered structure, viz. isotactic, syndiotactic and di- isotactic polymers and
linear non branched olefinic polymers and copolymers with an atactic (or
sterically nonordered) structure. These studies, which were developed for
industrial application in Montecatini's laboratories, led to the realisation
of a thermoplastic material, isotactic polypropylene, which Montecatini were
the first to produce on an industrial scale, in 1957, in their Ferrara plant.
This product has been marketed successfully as a plastic material, by the name
of Moplen, as a synthetic fibre, by the name of Meraklon, as a monofilament by
the name of Merakrin and as packing film, by the name of Moplefan.
By X- ray investigations, Prof. Natta has also succeeded in determining the
exact arrangement of chains in the lattice of the new crystalline polymers he
has discovered.
No less important is his later research which led to the synthesis of
completely new elastomers, in two different ways: by polymerization of
butadiene into cis-1,4 polymers with a very high degree of steric purity and
by copolymerization of ethylene with other alpha-olefins (propylene),
originating extremely interesting materials such as saturated synthetic
rubbers. The vulcanisation of these rubbers was made possible by the usual
methods used for natural rubber, with the introduction of unsaturated
monomeric units (terpolymers containing ethylene and propylene). The processes
for the asymmetric synthesis, which allow the production of optically active
macromolecules from optically inactive monomers, are of great scientific
importance, due to their similarity to the natural biological processes. Other
interesting results obtained by Natta in the field of macromolecular chemistry
concern the synthesis of crystalline alternating copolymers of different
couples of monomers and the synthesis of various sterically ordered polymers
of non-hydrocarbon monomers.
Prof. Natta's scientific and technical activity is documented in over 700
published papers, of which about 500 concern stereoregular polymers, and by a
large number of patents in many different countries. In 1961 he was made an
honorary life member of the New York Academy of Sciences of which he had been
a fellow since 1958. In 1955 he became a "national member" of the Accademia
dei Lincei; he is also a member of the Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere
and of the Accademia delle Scienze of Turin. He was made honorary member of
the Austrian (1960), Belgian (that awarded him the STAS medal) (1962), and
Swiss (1963) Chemical Societies. Professor Natta received a gold medal from
the town of Milan (1960), from the President of the Italian Republic (1961,
reserved to those who gained merits in the field of school, culture and art),
the first international gold medal of the synthetic rubber industry (1961); a
gold medal from the Milan district (1962) and from the Society of Plastic
Engineers (New York, 1963), the Perrin medal from the French Chemical Physical
Society, and the Lavoisier medal from the Chemical Society of France (both in
1963), the Perkin gold medal of the English Society of Dyers and Colourists
(1963), the John Scott award from the Board of Directors of the City Trust of
Philadelphia, and the Medal "Leonardus Vincius Florentinus Doctor Ingenieurs"
of FIDIIS, Paris (1971). The Turin University gave him an honorary degree in
pure chemistry, and in 1963 Prof. Natta received an honorary degree from Mainz
University.
Prof.Natta is a honorary member of the Industrial Chemical Society of Paris
(1966) and of the Chemical Society of London (1970); an honorary member of the
Rotary Club; associated foreign member of the Académie des Sciences de
l'Institut de France (1964); member of the National Academy of XL, Rome
(1964); joined member of the International Academy of Astronautics, Paris
(1965 ); foreign member of the Academy of Sciences of Moscow, U.S.S.R. (1966);
honorary president of the Italian Section of the Society of Plastics Engineers
(SPE). He holds the following awards and honorary degrees: gold medal of the
Union of Italian Chemists (1964); gold medal "Lomonosov" of the Moscow Academy
of Sciences (1969); the "Carl-Dietrich-Harries-Plakette, of the Deutsche
Kautschuk Gesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main (1971); honorary degrees from the
University of Genoa (1964), the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York
(1964), the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium (1965), and in 1971 from
ESPI, University of Paris.
From Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1963-1970.
Giulio Natta died in 1979.
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