发信人: bigapple (红富士), 信区: NTM
标 题: EDM glossary (A-M)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Fri Dec 31 13:47:43 1999), 转信
A - M
Abrasive Cutting Master (ACM) The tool used in the total form machining met
hod of producing graphite electrodes.
Altered Metal Zone (AMZ) The mechanically and mechanically altered zones cr
eated by the EDM process on the workmetal surface.
Ammeter An instrument for measuring electric current in amperes.
Amperage (A) In EDM, the amount of average current measured during the cut.
Ampere The unit of electric current. Equivalent to the steady current produ
ced by 1m, volt across 1 ohm.
Angstrofine A class of EDM graphite characterized by a particle and pore si
ze of less than 1m very high strength, isotropy, and uniform structure. The
most advanced graphite material available.
Anisotropic Exhibiting properties whose values change when measured along d
iffering axes. Opposite of isotropic.
Anode The positive terminal of an electrolytic cell or battery. Often incor
rectly applied to the tool (electrode) in the EDM process.
Arc A continuous flow of electrical current between an electrode and workpl
ace. Should an arc occur in EDM, the workpiece, electrode, or both will usua
lly be damaged. An arc is normally visually recognizable as a yellow flash.
Arc dampener Same as Arc suppressor (below).
Arc guard Same as Arc suppressor (below).
Arc suppressor A circuit in the EDM power supply that reduces the possibili
ty of arcing.
Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) A device used with computer numerically contro
lled EDM to provide automatic operation.
Automatic depth finder (Refer first to Depth finder) An automatic depth fin
der is electrically connected to the servo and will stop the downward advanc
e of the electrode at within 0.0001" of the workpiece surface and will hold
it at this distance. Therefore, if the workpiece position is shifted by movi
ng the table in any direction with its handwheels, the servo will constantly
adjust the vertical relationship of the electrode to maintain its distance
at 0.0001" away from even a previously EDMed cavity, even one with an irregu
lar surface.
Average current The average value of all the minimum and maximum peaks of a
mperage in the spark gap, as read on the ammeter. For any given available cu
rrent setting, the higher the average current, the greater the efficiency of
the particular cut being made. See Machining rate.
Billet A block of graphite, usually the uncut size as produced by the manuf
acturer.
Blind hole Any hole or cavity cut into a solid shape which does not connect
with other holes.
Breakthrough The exit end of a through-hole cavity at the moment of complet
ion.
Burning A slang term for EDM.
Capacitor An electrical component that stores an electric charge. In some E
DM power supplies, a bank of capacitors are connected across the machining g
ap. The current for the spark comes -directly from the capacitors when they
are discharged.
Carbon An abundant, naturally occurring element. Often used in place of the
word graphite. Graphite is a form of the element carbon. There are four for
ms of carbon, the others being amorphous carbon (having no definite crystal
structure), diamond, and the recently discovered fullerenes (also known as B
uckyballs).
Catalyst A material which causes an increase in the rate of a reaction due
to its presence, but is unchanged at the end of the reaction. In EDM, cataly
st refers to particulates of graphite and metal which aid in establishing a
current path in the dielectric fluid.
Cathode The negative terminal in an electrolytic cell or battery. In EDM, s
ometimes incorrectly applied to the workpiece.
Center flow The pumping of dielectric fluid through either the electrode or
the workpiece for flushing.
Center flushing A method of flushing dielectric through a center hole in an
electrode.
Circuit A continuous path allowing and directing the flow of electric curre
nt.
Coarse A class of graphite characterized by a particle size of more than 10
0m large pores and voids, a non-uniform structure, and low strength. Not rec
ommended as an EDM electrode material.
Collet A device used to hold electrodes with round shanks.
Colloidal suspension Particles suspended in a liquid that are too fine to s
ettle out. In EDM, the tiny particles produced in the sparking action form a
colloidal suspension in the dielectric fluid.
Common metals The first group of metallic electrode materials. Includes cop
per, brass, and zinc.
Composite Made up of more than one material. In EDM, copper tungsten is an
example of a metallic composite. The copper and tungsten do not alloy, but a
re simply combined together. Copper graphite is a metallic/carbon composite.
Computer Numeric Control (CNC) Programmed control of EDM by means of microp
rocessors.
Condenser An obsolete ten-n for capacitor
Conductor A material that will carry electric current.
Contamination The accumulation of debris in the dielectric fluid, causing a
decrease in the fluid's dielectric strength.
Coolant Sometimes used incorrectly to describe dielectric fluid.
Copper graphite A graphite EDM electrode material infiltrated with copper.
Copper tungsten A porous tungsten material infiltrated with copper.
Core The slug that remains after EDMing with an electrode that has a flush
hole in it.
Corner wear In EDM, the comers of the electrode wear the most. Comer wear i
s the distance up the electrode comers that show signs of wear.
Crater The small cavities left on the EDMed surface of the workpiece by the
EDM sparks. Also known as pits.
Cubic inches per hour (in3/hr) The units of measure used to describe the ra
te of metal removal from the workpiece. See Machining rate.
Cut, take a cut To machine with EDM.
Cutting rate Same as Machining rate.
DC arcing Same as Arc.
DC (Direct Current) Constant polarity current, as opposed to Alternating Cu
rrent (AC), which changes polarity from negative to positive in cycles.
Decalescent point The highest temperature at which a tool steel may be heat
treated and still be hardened in a quenching medium.
Deionization A return of the condition of the dielectric to a non-conductiv
e state. Failure to accomplish deionization (through flushing) during off-ti
me of the spark is responsible for DC arcing.
Depth finder An aid for machine set up. An electrical impulse is used to in
dicate when a downward moving electrode approaches to within 0.0001 of conta
ct with the surface of the workpiece, either to start a cut or to reposition
the s electrode to resume cutting, as after dressing an electrode. Used whe
n manually or power jogging an electrode downward. Usually used in conjuncti
on with a dial indicator to set depth of cut at which EDMing will stop. NOTE
: Do not confuse with Automatic depth finder.
Depth of craters, pits The distance from the peaks to valleys on an EDMed s
urface.
Depth-to-diameter ratio In small hole EDMing, the ratio of the depth of a b
lind hole compared to the diameter of the electrode used to make the hole.
Diameter (dia.) (?) The length of a straight line through the center of a r
ound object.
Diametral sparking distance The difference between the electrode dimension
and the dimension of the cavity produced.
Dielectric fluid In EDM, a nonconductive liquid. It fills the gap between t
he electrode and workpiece and acts as an insulator until a specific gap and
voltage are achieved. It then ionizes and becomes an electrical conductor,
allowing a current (spark) to flow through it to the workpiece. It also serv
es to cool the work and to flush away the particles generated by the spark.
Dielectric strength The voltage at which the insulating qualities of a mate
rial break down. In EDM, a specification applied to dielectric fluid.
Discharge The EDM spark.
Discharge channel The conductive pathway formed by ionized dielectric and v
apor between the electrode and workpiece.
Discharge dressing The process used to dress worn electrodes prior to finis
hing. The machine is programmed to move the worn electrode to a dressing blo
ck in the work tank. After dressing, the electrode is returned to the cavity
for the finishing cut.
Disintegrator A different branch of EDM technology using the destructive po
wer of electric arcs.
Dither A slight up and down vibratory motion of the machine tool ram and at
tached electrode used to improve cutting stability.
Downfeed A control circuit to advance or retract the electrode.
Dressing The remachining of the face of a three dimensional electrode to sh
arpen its detail after it has been used to sink a mold cavity. Electrodes us
ed to make a through-hole are often cut off at the worn end.
Dual power supply Two EDM power supplies in a single cabinet which can be u
sed to operate two machines simultaneously, or can be connected to apply the
full power available to only one machine.
Ductile Capable of being drawn out or hammered thin.
Duty cycle The percentage of the on-time relative to the sum of the on-time
and off-time setting for a particular cut.
Edge finder An electrically activated device on an EDM machine to aid in th
e accurate location of the workpiece with respect to the electrode. When any
point along the side of the workplace is brought to within approximately 0.
0001" of any point along the side of the electrode, a signal light or buzzer
will be activated.
EDM See Electrical Discharge Machining (below).
Efficiency A measure of EDM performance which varies with the on-time and o
ff-time settings for an EDM cut. See Duty cycle (above).
Electrical Discharge Grinding (EDG) An EDM machine resembling a surface gri
nder but using a wheel made from electrode material. Can also be done with a
horizontal spindle attachment (mounted on the quill of a conventional EDM m
achine) which has a built-in motor drive for the electrode wheel.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) A metal removal process using a series
of electric sparks to erode material from a workpiece under carefully contr
olled conditions.
Electrical Resistivity The resistance of the flow of electricity through ma
terial. Measured in ohms.
Electrode The tool in the EDM process. It must be made from an electrically
conductive material. Its form, or shape, is a mirror image of the finished
form or shape desired in the workpiece, with its dimensions adjusted to take
into account the amount of overcut that occurs.
Electrode growth A plating action occurring at certain low wear settings wh
ich causes workpiece material to build up on the electrode, causing it to in
crease in size.
Electrode Management Technology (EMT) Automatic methods of replenishment, r
edressing, and feeding of electrodes, especially in flexible machining appli
cations.
Electroforming An electroplating process used to make metal EDM electrodes.
Electrolyte A normally conductive liquid or gas.
End wear A reduction in the length of an EDM electrode occurring during EDM
ing. Can be given as a dimension, or as a percentage of the original usable
length of the electrode.
Entrance opening The point at which the electrode first enters the workpiec
e.
Eroding Material removal by the EDM process.
Exit point The point at which the electrode pieces the workpiece in through
hole EDM.
Exotics The third group of metallics used as EDM electrode materials. Inclu
des all rarely used metals such as tantalum, nickel, molybdenum, etc.
Exudate Material that has flowed or diffused out of a porous body.
Farad The unit of electrical capacitance. Used to rate the energy storing c
apacity of a capacitor. One farad = the capacitance of a capacitor between w
hose plates there appears a potential of one volt when charged by one coulom
b (ampere = one coulomb/sec.).
Filler In manufactured carbon and graphite product technology, carbonaceous
particles comprising the base aggregate in an unbaked green-mix formulation
.
Filtering In EDM, removing the debris from the dielectric fluid before pump
ing it back into the worktank or through flushing holes in the electrode or
workpiece.
Fine A class of EDM graphite characterized by a particle size range from 11
m to 20m.
Finish The surface texture produced by EDMing. Usually given in min Ra (U.S
.).
Finish cut The final cut made with EDM on the workpiece. The finer the fini
sh desired, the longer it will take for the finish cut. Therefore, roughing
cuts, done with conventional equipment or with EDM, should be planned to lea
ve only enough material to be removed by the finish cut to gain final size a
nd surface finish desired.
Flashpoint The temperature at which any flammable material will burst into
flame. A factor in selecting dielectric fluid for EDM.
Flexural strength A property of a solid material that indicates its ability
to withstand a flexural or transverse load.
Fluid level switch An adjustable float switch that monitors the depth of th
e dielectric fluid in the tank.
Flush pot A multipurpose box-like fixture which is clamped to the machine w
orktable. Primarily used when EDMing through-holes. Top and bottom surfaces
must be precision ground parallel. The workpiece is clamped to its top, usua
lly over an opening that will permit an electrode to pass through the workpi
ece without interference from the tank's top plate. It is connected to the d
ielectric system and can be used for either suction flushing or pressure flu
shing.
Flushing Flowing dielectric through the gap to remove the debris caused by
machining with EDM.
Flushing hole A hole through the workpiece or electrode used to introduce d
ielectric fluid to the gap for flushing purpose.
Flushing pressure The pressure applied to the dielectric to force it throug
h the spark gap.
Frequency The number of cycles (on/off) completed per unit of time. Usually
expressed in Hertz.
Gap (spark gap) The distance between the electrode and workpiece when the s
park occurs.
Gap voltage This can be measured as two different values during one complet
e cycle. The voltage which can be read across the electrode/workpiece gap be
fore the spark current begins to flow is called the open gap voltage. The vo
ltage which can be read across the gap during the spark current discharge is
the working gap voltage.
Generator An old term for EDM power supply.
Grain In manufactured carbon and graphite product technology, a region in a
carbon or graphite body that is identifiable as being derived from a partic
le of filler.
Graphite One of the four forms of carbon. In EDM, a material used for elect
rodes which has high heat resistance and transfers electric current very eff
iciently. It is the most popular electrode material and probably the easiest
to machine.
Head That part of the EDM machine tool in which the quill or ram travels.
Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) The layer below the recast layer. This layer has b
een subjected to elevated temperatures that have altered the properties of t
he workmetal.
Hertz (Hz) The international term for one complete electrical wave cycle. I
n EDM, the unit of frequency.
Hogging Same as Roughing.
Hunting An erratic bouncing movement of the quill of an EDM machine during
a cut. Causes include poor flushing conditions in the gap, servo response se
t for too much sensitivity, and build-up of carbon deposits on the bottom of
the cavity being EDMed.
Injection The introduction of dielectric fluid to the gap under pressure.
Injection flushing An external flushing method, also known as jet flushing.
Fluid is directed into the gap by means of a flexible tube.
Initiation voltage Same as Open gap voltage.
Insulator A substance which blocks the flow of electric current.
Ion An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative charge as
a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. It is ionization o
f the dielectric fluid that provides the conductive path for the EDM spark.
Ionization Generally accepted as a phenomenon by which the dielectric betwe
en two points on the electrode and workpiece become electrically conductive.
See Dielectric.
Ionization time The time from the application of voltage until current begi
ns to flow.
Ionization voltage The voltage at which current flow begins across the gap.
Ionized path The path of electrically conductive dielectric molecules betwe
en the two points on the electrode and workpiece through which the spark cur
rent will flow.
Isotropic Exhibiting properties with the same values when measured along ax
es in all directions. Opposite of anisotropic.
Lateral flushing Same as surface, splash, or injection flushing. Directing
the flow of dielectric fluid through a shallow blind cavity.
Low wear The result of certain settings for EDM machining which produces a
very low degree of wear on the electrode. In some cases less than 1%, which
is also known as no-wear.
Machine tool It performs the purely mechanical functions and, along with th
e dielectric system and the power supply, makes up the complete EDM.
Machining rate Same as Metal removal rate. The rate at which material is re
moved from the workpiece by EDM.
Mean overcut The average of top and bottom overcut.
Medium A class of EDM graphite materials characterized by a particle size f
rom 21m to 100m, anisotropy, non-uniform performance, and high porosity.
Metal Removal Rate (MRR) The rate at which material is removed from the wor
kpiece by EDM. In the U.S., usually expressed in cubic inches/hour (in/hr).
Metallic composite A non-alloyed combination of metals, such as copper tung
sten.
Microfarad One-millionth of a farad. See Farad.
Micron, micrometer (m) A unit of length equal to one-millionth of a meter.
Microinch (min) One-millionth of an inch (0.000001").
Micro ohm (mW) One-millionth of an ohm (0.000001 ohm).
Microprocessor A computer-on-a-chip. Found in all advanced EDM systems, the
microprocessors provide many control functions.
Microsecond (ms) One-millionth of a second (0.000001 sec.).
Mil One thousandth of an inch (0.001").
Millisecond (ms) One thousandth of a second (0.001 sec.).
Miss A pulse that does not produce machining due to too great a gap.
Modular construction When used in EDM, a type of power supply where entire
circuits are integrated on boards or modules. This type of construction prov
ides a simple and rapid method of servicing and replacing electronic circuit
s in the field.
Monitor In EDM, any mechanical or electrical device which is used to indica
te various operating conditions, i.e., ammeters, indicators, lights, pressur
e gages.
Multiple electrodes The simultaneous use of electrodes to produce multiple
cavities in one or more workpieces.
Multiple lead (Multilead) power supply A standard power supply usually has
one wire lead which can be connected to the electrode or workpiece and throu
gh which the total power available can be channeled. With a multilead power
supply, it is possible to divide the total power available into small units,
each capable of being channeled through separate wire leads connected to mu
ltiple electrodes or workpieces for production work. Or, all power can be pu
t through a single wire lead by connecting all the individual leads into one
.
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