发信人: bigapple (红富士), 信区: NTM
标 题: EDM glossary (N-Z)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Fri Dec 31 13:50:11 1999), 转信
N - Z
No-wear Defined by POCO as a condition under which 1 unit or less of electr
ode is eroded to every 100 units of workpiece.
No-load Same as Open gap voltage (below).
Non-directional finish A finish having no specific direction to its surface
pattern. An EDM finish is non-directional.
Normal polarity Negative polarity to the electrode.
Off-time The time between sparks, measured in microseconds. Too short an of
f-time may result in DC arcing.
Ohm A unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a
current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt.
Oil-through-chuck A sealed holder for tubular electrodes through which diel
ectric fluid can be pumped or sucked for center hole flushing.
On-time The duration time of the EDM spark measured in microseconds.
Open circuit An electrical circuit which is not complete.
Open gap voltage The voltage which can be read across the electrode/workpie
ce gap before the spark current begins to flow. See Gap voltage.
Operating current Same as Average current.
Oscilloscope An electronic imaging device which can be used to visually che
ck the shape and voltages of pulses being generated by the EDM power supply.
Output The voltage and current of an EDM power supply.
Overburn Same as Overcut (below).
Overcut An EDM cavity is always larger than the electrode used to machine i
t. The difference between the size of the electrode and the size of the cavi
ty (or hole) is called the overcut. When discussing or calculating overcut,
be sure to specify whether you are referring to total overcut (diametral ove
rcut) or overcut per side. Diametral overcut is most often used.
Overcut per side One-half of the diametral overcut value. It is important t
o follow this procedure in designing electrodes: (1) Select surface finish s
ettings to determine finishing cut overcut. (2) Design finishing electrode s
ize with overcut allowance. (3) Design roughing electrode providing for over
lap which will leave proper allowance for the finish machining cut to clean
up the surface left by the rough cut.
Overlap (1) The area by which the electrode for the next cut exceeds the wo
rkpiece cavity. (2) The difference between the rough machined hole or cavity
size and the size of the electrode to be used for the next cut.
Particle size The average cross section of the solid graphite particles in
a graphite system. The particle size is determined by the carbonaceous mater
ial from which the graphite is produced and the method of manufacturing. Als
o referred to as grain size.
Pause The absence of electrical energy for a preset time following a discha
rge of electrical energy (pulse).
Pause duration (time) Same as Off-time.
Peak current The maximum current available from each pulse from the power s
upply/generator.
Percent electrode wear The volume of electrode worn away as compared to the
volume of workpiece worn away.
Pieced electrode (1) An EDM electrode made using a lower quality graphite a
s a base material with a higher quality material as the cutting surface. Suc
h electrodes require careful mating to insure conductivity and correct posit
ioning. (2) An electrode that has been repaired by replacing a broken part.
All cutting surfaces must be of the same material for uniform performance. (
3) An electrode made from several pieces of the same quality material to obt
ain a bigger electrode.
Plasma A superheated, ionized gas which forms in the discharged channel due
to the action of the thermoelectric force.
Platen A large flat mounting surface affixed to the end of the quill or the
ram of an EDM machine, and on which the electrodes or various electrode hol
ding devices can be mounted. It usually has tapped holes or machined T-slots
for convenience in clamping electrodes or holders.
Polarity In EDM, the designation of positive or negative electrical potenti
al to the electrode.
Pore EDM graphite is made of individual particles bonded together. This lea
ves voids or spaces between them, called pores. Larger particles mean larger
pores, or spaces, between them. No graphite may be machined to tolerances c
loser than its average pore size.
Potential The difference in voltage between two points of an electrical cir
cuit.
Power pack Same as Power supply (below).
Power supply The part of the EDM system that supplies the voltage and curre
nt that causes the sparks or discharges between the electrode and workpiece.
It is usually housed in a cabinet separate from the machine tool and connec
ted to it by a cable.
Pressure flush The forcing of dielectric up through flush holes in the work
piece or down through flush holes in the electrode.
Premium graphite A material with a particle size of 5 microns or less.
Pulsator Not related to the generation of sparks. It is a unit added to, or
built into, an EDM machine which periodically causes the electrode to retra
ct for a short period of time to aid in flushing a deep or blind cavity. Als
o commonly called a RAM cycler.
Pulse The discharge of a quantity of electrical energy having preset voltag
e and amperage and expended over a preset time.
Pulse duration (time) Same as On-time.
Pulse timer This refers to the spark, not flushing. Used to set the length
of on-time and off-time of the spark. On some machines, on-time and off-time
can be set individually in microseconds.
Pulsed flushing Flushing that is synchronized with the pulsator of the EDM
machine. When a machine is set for this mode (Systematic Coordinated Flushin
g), pressure flushing takes place only when the quill retracts the electrode
from the cavity.
Quench The rapid cooling of the EDMed surface by the dielectric fluid. Part
ially responsible for the metallurgical changes forming the recast layer and
the heat-affected zone.
Quill The moving member of an EDM machine on which the electrode or electro
de holder is mounted. A cylinder working in a bearing or bushing.
Ram The moving member of an EDM machine on which the electrode or electrode
holder is mounted. A dovetail guided arrangement.
Ram cycler Same as Pulsator.
RC (relaxation) circuit An outmoded EDM power supply circuit which uses cap
acitors to store the charge that produces the spark at the gap. The capacito
r is charged through a resistor and discharged across the gap when condition
s are correct (gap distance, voltage, etc.). This is the original EDM circui
t and is seldom used in advanced machines.
Recast layer A layer created by molten metal solidifying on the workmetal s
urface.
Reciprocator An hydraulic device attached to the ram of conventional EDM pr
oviding a longitudinal reciprocating action.
Rectirier This converts alternating current to direct current.
Refeed Automatic electrode replenishment.
Relaxation circuit Same as RC circuit (above).
Repetition rate Same as Frequency.
Resolidified layer Same as Recast layer (above).
Reverse burning The technique of mounting the electrode on the machine tabl
e or flush tank and the workpiece on the quill. Used in EDMing a blanking pu
nch with female electrode.
Reverse polarity A term used to indicate positive polarity on some machines
.
RMS (Root Mean Square) An obsolete term used in surface finish measurement.
Rotating spindle Either an accessory mounted on the quill or ram, or a buil
t-in machine spindle used to rotate the electrode to achieve more uniform we
ar and to improve flushing conditions. Its use is limited to round electrode
s. Another use for the rotating spindle is in trimming the workpiece with an
indicator, as you would on a jig borer, for setting locations.
Roughing (hogging) cut The mode of EDM that removes the most material in th
e shortest time.
Safety cut The method of undersizing roughing electrodes to compensate for
differences between them and the finishing electrodes.
Secondary discharge A discharge that occurs as conductive particles are car
ried up the side of the electrode by the dielectric fluid.
Sensitivity A control switch that adjusts the response time of the servo me
chanism.
Servo-mechanism The device that drives and controls the movement of the qui
ll or ram.
Servo reaction time The time between a signal to the servo and its physical
response to the signal.
Side wear In EDM, the wear along the side walls of the electrode.
Silicone A dielectric fluid for special situations consisting mostly of the
chemical polymer silicone.
Silver tungsten A porous tungsten material which is infiltrated with silver
.
Slurry A watery mixture of insoluble material and water. Used as an abrasiv
e in ultrasonic machining.
Solid state power supply Transistorized circuitry. See Transistor.
Sonotrode The forming tool in ultrasonic machining.
Spark An electrical discharge of very short duration between two conductors
.
Spark erosion Another name for EDM. Used primarily outside the U.S.
Spark gap The distance between the electrode and the workpiece when dischar
ges are occurring.
Spark generator Same as Power supply.
Spark intensity The amount of energy in the spark.
Spindle An upper rotating member of an EDM machine to which the electrode o
r electrode holder is mounted.
Split electrode Multiple electrodes on a single machine electrically insula
ted from each other. Used with multiple lead power supplies.
Split lead power supply Same as Multiple lead power supply.
Square wave A term for an electrical wave shape generated by a solid state
power supply.
Stability Refers to the steadiness of EDM cut. The opposite of hunting.
Staged electrode A multiple electrode set designed to produce a single cavi
ty. From rougher to finisher, each electrode must have dimensions that take
into account leaving sufficient metal for the last electrode to produce the
required dimensions.
Stepped electrode An electrode constructed in such a manner as to allow the
roughing and finishing of a through-hole cavity in a single set up. The sma
ller front section is used to rough out the cavity and the larger rear porti
on is used for finishing.
Stroke The distance the ram/quill travels under servo control.
Sublime To pass directly from a solid state to a gaseous state. Graphite do
es not melt when heated at normal pressures, but passes directly into a gase
ous state.
Suction flushing Using a vacuum to draw the contaminated dielectric away fr
om the gap as opposed to forcing it out with pressure.
Superfine A class of EDM electrode materials with a particle size from 6m t
o 10m characterized by moderately high strengths, usually isotropic.
Surface finish The relative roughness or smoothness of the machined surface
. Usually measured in μin Ra in the U.S.
Surface integrity The quality of the machined surface and subsurface.
Surface flushing The use of nozzles or hoses to direct jets of dielectric a
t the cutting area to flush away the debris. Usually employed while pulsatin
g the electrode.
Surface roughness Surface irregularities on a machined surface. See Finish,
Surface finish.
Swarf The eroded particles or residue.
Tap buster Same as Disintegrator.
Tap A control on some early power supplies that changes spark frequency and
on-time.
Taper The dimensional difference between the .entrance and exit opening of
a through-hole cavity, or between the entrance and bottom of a blind hole.
Tapping attachment An accessory that holds and rotates an electrode as it E
DMs a threaded hole into a workpiece. It advances the electrode to produce t
he pitch of the thread desired.
Tellurium copper An alloy of copper and tellurium.
Temperature cut-off The dielectric oil temperature at which the power is sh
ut off.
Thermoelectric The combined action of heat and electricity.
Through-hole flushing The use of a pre-drilled hole in the workplace to inj
ect dielectric fluid up toward the gap by injection flushing or down from th
e gap by suction flushing.
Tilting head An attachment allowing the electrode to be tilted in two direc
tions.
Timed retractor Same as pulsator.
Timer, timing unit A control unit that establishes the spark on- and off-ti
mes.
Total Form Machining (TFM) An abrasive machining device capable of copying
complete graphite electrodes.
Tramming attachment A mechanical accessory used in EDM to check the accurac
y of the setup and to aid in the precise location of the workpiece in respec
t to the electrode.
Transducer A device for changing electromagnetic force into mechanical forc
e. A loudspeaker is a transducer. In EDM, a transducer is used in ultrasonic
machining of graphite, though the sound produced is too high for most human
hearing.
Transistor An electronic component used as a switch to open and close with
extreme speed. Replaced the vacuum tube due to its reliability, long life, a
nd much higher switching speed.
Trepanning electrode A hollowed out or tubular electrode which is used in t
hrough-hole machining to remove a large amount of material from the solid so
as to avoid pre-machining by conventional means.
Tubular electrode A round electrode with a center hole.
Tungsten A metal used in pure or near pure state as an electrode material.
Melting point is 3380oC.
Ultrafine A class of EDM graphite characterized by a particle size from 1μ
to 5μ isotropy, uniform structure, and high strength.
Unstable Erratic or intermittent EDMing.
Vacuum flushing Same as Suction flushing.
Vacuum tube power supply An EDM power supply which uses vacuum tubes to swi
tch the electrical machining pulses (sparks) on and off.
Vibrator An accessory used on an EDM machine to move the workpiece or elect
rode back and forth rapidly. Employed primarily for improving flushing in bl
ind cavities.
Viscosity The tendency of a fluid to resist flow. High viscosity liquids ar
e thicker.
Voltmeter An instrument that measures voltage. On an EDM machine, it measur
es the voltage across the gap.
Volumetric wear The total wear of the electrode expressed in cubic inches.
Wave form A geometric display of the output of a power supply as seen on an
oscilloscope.
Wear The erosion of the electrode during the EDM process.
Wear ratio The volume of electrode worn away as compared to the volume of w
orkpiece material removed by EDM.
Wire EDM, wirecut The electrode is a continuously spooling conducting wire
that moves in preset patterns around the workpiece.
Working gap voltage See Gap voltage.
Workpiece Any part on which EDM is being used to cut holes or cavities.
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