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标 题: 金属熔滴制造方面的一篇博士论文摘要(MIT)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Thu Feb 17 18:00:53 2000), 转信
Droplet Solidification and its Effects on Deposit Microstructure in the Unif
orm Droplet Spray Process
by
Chen-An Chen
B.S. in Mechanical Engineering
National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
1986
M.S. in Mechanical Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1994
Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
May 1996
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ABSTRACT
Spray forming is an alternative to conventional metal-working technology for
the production of material preforms or near-net-shape components. However,
the non-uniform droplets and coupling of process parameters associated with
gas-atomized spray not only make process control difficult, but also severel
y limit the range of attainable microstructures. For this reason, the unifor
m-droplet spray (UDS) forming process was developed. The uniform droplet siz
e and uncoupled process parameters allow for simplified modeling and precise
microstructural control.
The microstructure evolution in the UDS process can be divided into three st
ages: droplet solidification in flight, droplet impact, and post-impact evol
ution. The droplet thermal states, characterized by the degree of undercooli
ng in undercooled droplets or the liquid fraction and morphology of solids i
n partially solidified droplets, have a great influence on droplet impact be
havior and post-impact microstructure evolution. It is the objective of this
work to research how droplet solidification evolves during the UDS process.
A droplet thermal model was developed to study the effects of various proce
ss parameters such as droplet charge, initial droplet velocity, and droplet
size on droplet solidification. Experiments were also performed to investiga
te the effects on droplet solidification of flight distance, droplet size, a
nd oxygen concentration using a Zn-20 wt% Sn alloy. The effects of droplet t
hermal state on the deposit microstructure in spray forming were studied usi
ng a Sn-5 wt% Pb alloy.
The droplet thermal model assumes Newtonian cooling in the droplets and simu
ltaneously computes the droplet flight trajectory and droplet heat transfer.
The Sheil equation was incorporated to model solute redistribution in the d
roplet during solidification. Several cases were run to study the effects of
initial droplet velocity, droplet charge, and droplet size on droplet cooli
ng. 200 5m diameter droplets with three different initial velocities (3, 5,
and 7 m/s) were used to study the initial velocity effects. The simulation r
esults show that droplets with a higher initial velocity have a higher cooli
ng rate; however, they appear to have a higher temperature and liquid fracti
on when collected at the same flight distance due a quicker flight. 200 5m d
iameter droplets with three different droplet charges (2.3 x 10-12 , 4.1 x 1
0-12 , and 5.8 x 10-12 Coulomb) were used to investigate the droplet charge
effects. The simulation results show that droplet charge affects droplet coo
ling mainly by changing the spreading distance, i.e., the distance at which
the heat transfer coefficient increases dramatically. For the droplet size e
ffect study, 100, 200, 300 5m droplets with the same initial velocity (5 m/s
) were investigated. The results show that droplet size is the most critical
process parameter in controlling the droplet cooling rate.
For the flight distance effect study, 288 5m droplets were collected using c
arbon steel substrates at every 0.05 m from 0.35 to 0.75 m and 181 5m drople
ts were collected from 0.15 to 0.55 m. Scanning electron microscopy revealed
surface morphology and cross-sectional microstructures. The results showed
that the 288 5m droplets solidified gradually without undercooling and the 1
81 5m droplets experienced about 110 K undercooling. The cross-section micro
graphs of the 288 5m droplet samples were image analyzed to determine the li
quid fraction. These liquid fractions show good agreement with those derived
from the simulation. For the droplet size effect study, 288, 245, 181, and
96 5m droplets were collected at the bottom of the chamber using an oil bath
. The results show that the 288 5m droplets experienced virtually no underco
oling with dendritic microstructure and surface nucleation. Three types of m
icrostructures were observed for the 245 5m droplets. The first type is simi
lar to the 288 5m droplet microstructure. About 28% of the 245 5m droplets c
ollected belong to this category. The second type is characterized by a cell
ular structure nucleated within the droplet and dendritic structures solidif
ied after recalescence. About 63% of the 245 5m droplets collected belong to
this category. The third type is defined by a cellular structure nucleated
on the droplet surface and dendritic structures solidified after recalescenc
e. About 9% of the 245 5m droplets collected belong to this category. The 18
1 and 96 5m droplets were all undercooled and internally nucleated. The perc
entage of the cellular structure increases and the sizes of the cells and de
ndrites decrease when droplet size decreases. Kinetic competition between di
fferent catalysts for nucleation explains why the population of undercooled
droplets, the degree of undercooling, and the tendency to nucleate internall
y increase as the droplet size decreases. For the oxygen effect experiment,
181 5m droplets were sprayed and collected using an oil bath with the chambe
r oxygen concentrations maintained at 5, 50, and 100 ppm. No significant dif
ference in the cross-section microstructure is evident. The droplets are und
ercooled and internally nucleated.
Seven experiments were performed to study the effects of the droplet thermal
state and the substrate condition on the droplet microstructure by spraying
droplets of 100% liquid with 85 K superheat, 100% liquid with no superheat,
70% liquid, and 40% liquid onto a substrate maintained at 426 and 446 K, re
spectively. Droplets with 100% liquid all produced epitaxial columnar micros
tructures. With 70% liquid droplets and a 446 K substrate, a fine, equiaxed,
dense microstructure was produced. Porous structures resulted when 70% liqu
id droplets were deposited onto a 426 K substrate or when 40% liquid droplet
s were deposited onto a 446 K substrate. The epitaxial columnar microstructu
re resulted because nucleation in the molten splat was more difficult than t
he continuous growth of the columnar crystals into the newly added liquid la
yer. The equiaxed microstructure evolved mainly from randomly oriented cryst
als, which were originally present as dendrites in the droplets and were re-
oriented upon impact. Porous structures resulted because the degree of dropl
et spreading was reduced either due to low liquid content in the droplets or
due to high freezing rate resulting from a relatively cold substrate.
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