Tsinghua °æ (¾«»ªÇø)
·¢ÐÅÈË: Landau (Michael), ÐÅÇø: Tsinghua
±ê Ìâ: Beauty & Physics
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: ×Ï ¶¡ Ïã (Tue Apr 28 17:46:10 1998), תÐÅ
¡¾ ÒÔÏÂÎÄ×ÖתÔØ×Ô Science ÌÖÂÛÇø ¡¿
¡¾ ÔÎÄÓÉ condense Ëù·¢±í ¡¿
ÃÀÓëÎïÀíѧ
ÑîÕñÄþ
Ê®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÎïÀíѧµÄÈýÏî×î¸ß³É¾ÍÊÇÈÈÁ¦Ñ§¡¢µç´ÅѧÓëͳ¼ÆÁ¦Ñ§¡£
ÆäÖÐͳ¼ÆÁ¦Ñ§µì»ùÓÚÂó¿Ë˹Τ£¨J. Maxwell , 1831 - 1879£©¡¢²¨¶ú
×ÈÂü£¨L. Boltzmann , 1844 - 1905£©Ó뼪²¼Ë¹£¨W. Gibbs , 1839
- 1903£©µÄ¹¤×÷¡£²¨¶ú×ÈÂüÔø¾Ëµ¹ý£º
һλÒôÀÖ¼ÒÔÚÌýµ½¼¸¸öÒô½Úºó£¬¼´ÄܱæÈϳöĪÔúÌØ£¨Mozart£©¡¢
±´¶à·Ò£¨Beethoven£©»òÊæ²®ÌØ£¨Schubert£©µÄÒôÀÖ¡£ ͬÑù£¬Ò»Î»Êý
ѧ¼Ò»òÎïÀíѧ¼ÒÒ²ÄÜÔÚ¶ÁÁËÊýÒ³ÎÄ×Öºó±æÈϳö¿ÂÎ÷£¨Cauchy£©¡¢¸ß˹
£¨Gauss£©¡¢Ñſɱȣ¨Jacobi£©¡¢º¥Ä·»ô×È£¨Helmholtz£©»ò¿Ë¶ûÆÚºÀ
·ò£¨Kirchhoff£©µÄ¹¤×÷¡£
¶ÔÓÚËûµÄÕâÒ»¶Î»°Ò²ÐíÓÐÈ˻ᷢÉúÒÉÎÊ£º¿ÆѧÊÇÑо¿ÊÂʵµÄ£¬ÊÂ
ʵ¾ÍÊÇÊÂʵ£¬ ÄÇÀï»áÓÐÉõô·ç¸ñ£¿ ¹ØÓÚÕâÒ»µãÎÒÔø¾ÓйýÈçϵÄÌÖ
ÂÛ£º
ÈÃÎÒÃÇÄÃÎïÀíѧÀ´½²°É¡£ÎïÀíѧµÄÔÀíÓÐËüµÄ½á¹¹¡£Õâ¸ö½á¹¹ÓÐ
ËüµÄÃÀºÍÃîµÄµØ·½¡£¶ø¸÷¸öÎïÀíѧ¹¤×÷Õߣ¬¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸ö½á¹¹µÄ²»Í¬µÄÃÀ
ºÍÃîµÄµØ·½£¬Óв»Í¬µÄ¸ÐÊÜ¡£ÒòΪ´ó¼ÒÓв»Í¬µÄ¸ÐÊÜ£¬ËùÒÔÿλ¹¤×÷
Õ߾ͻᷢչËû×Ô¼º¶ÀÌصÄÑо¿·½ÏòºÍÑо¿·½·¨¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵Ëû»áÐγÉËû
×Ô¼ºµÄ·ç¸ñ¡£
½ñÌìÎÒµÄÑݽ²¾ÍÊÇÒª³¢ÊÔ²ûÊöÉÏÃæÕâÒ»¶Î»°¡£ÎÒÃÇÏÈ´ÓÁ½Î»ÖøÃû
ÎïÀíѧ¼ÒµÄ·ç¸ñ½²Æð¡£
Ò»¡¢µÒÀ¿Ë
µÒÀ¿Ë£¨P. Dirac , 1902 - 1984£©ÊǶþÊ®ÊÀ¼Íһλ´óÎïÀíѧ
¼Ò¡£¹ØÓÚËûµÄ¹ÊʺܶࡣƩÈ磺ÓÐÒ»´ÎµÒÀ¿ËÔÚÆÕÁÖ˹¶Ù´óѧÑݽ²¡£
Ñݽ²Íê±Ï£¬Ò»Î»ÌýÖÚÕ¾ÆðÀ´Ëµ£º¡°ÎÒÓÐÒ»¸öÎÊÌâÇë»Ø´ð£ºÎÒ²»¶®Ôõô
¿ÉÒÔ´Ó¹«Ê½£¨2£©ÍƵ¼³öÀ´¹«Ê½£¨5£©¡£ ¡±µÒÀ¿Ë²»´ð¡£ Ö÷³ÖÕß˵£º
¡°µÒÀ¿Ë½ÌÊÚ£¬Çë»Ø´ðËûµÄÎÊÌâ¡£¡±µÒÀ¿Ë˵£º¡°Ëû²¢Ã»ÓÐÎÊÎÊÌ⣬
ֻ˵ÁËÒ»¾ä»°¡£¡±
Õâ¸ö¹ÊÊÂËùÒÔÁ÷´«¼«¹ãÊÇÒòΪËüȷʵÃèÊöÁ˵ÒÀ¿ËµÄÒ»¸öÌص㣺
»°²»¶à£¬¶øÆäÄÚº¬Óмòµ¥¡¢Ö±½Ó¡¢ÔʼµÄÂß¼ÐÔ¡£Ò»µ©×¥×¡ÁËËû¶ÀÌØ
µÄ¡¢±ðÈËÏë²»µ½µÄÂß¼£¬ËûµÄÎÄÕ¶ÁÆðÀ´±ãºÜͨ˳£¬¾ÍÏñ¡°ÇïË®ÎÄÕÂ
²»È¾³¾¡±£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκÎÔü×Ò£¬Ö±´ïÉî´¦£¬Ö±´ïÓîÖæµÄ°ÂÃØ¡£
µÒÀ¿Ë×îÁ˲»µÃµÄ¹¤×÷ÊÇ1928Äê·¢±íµÄÁ½Æª¶ÌÎÄ£¬Ð´ÏÂÁ˵ÒÀ¿Ë
·½³Ì£º
... ...
Õâ¸ö¼òµ¥µÄ·½³ÌʽÊǾªÌ춯µØµÄ³É¾Í£¬ÊÇ»®Ê±´úµÄÀï³Ì±®£ºËü¶Ô
Ô×ӽṹ¼°·Ö×ӽṹ¶¼¸øÓèÁËеIJãÃæºÍеļ«×¼È·µÄÁ˽⡣ûÓÐÕâ
¸ö·½³Ì£¬¾ÍûÓнñÌìµÄÔ×Ó¡¢·Ö×ÓÎïÀíѧÓ뻯ѧ¡£Ã»ÓеÒÀ¿ËÒý½øµÄ
¹ÛÄî¾Í²»»áÓнñÌìÒ½ÔºÀïͨÓõĺ˴Ź²Õñ³ÉÏñ£¨MRI£©¼¼Êõ£¬ ²»¹ý´Ë
Ïî¼¼ÊõʵÔÚÖ»ÊǵÒÀ¿Ë·½³ÌµÄÒ»ÏСµÄÓ¦Óá£
µÒÀ¿Ë·½³Ì¡°ÎÞÖÐÉúÓС¢ ʯÆÆÌ쾪¡±µØÖ¸³öΪÉõôµç×ÓÓС° ×Ô
Ðý¡±£¨spin£©£¬ ¶øÇÒΪÉõô¡°×ÔÐý½Ç¶¯Á¿¡±ÊÇ1 / 2¶ø²»ÊÇÕûÊý¡£³õ
´ÎÁ˽â´ËÖаÂÃîµÄÈ˶¼ÎÞ·¨²»¾ªÌ¾ÆäΪ¡°ÉñÀ´Ö®±Ê¡±£¬ÊDZðÈËÎÞ·¨Ïë
µ½ µÄÃîËã¡£ µ±Ê±×ʢÃûµÄº£É²®£¨W. Heisenberg , 1901 -
1976£©¿´Á˵ÒÀ¿ËµÄÎÄÕ£¬ÎÞ·¨Á˽âµÒÀ¿ËÔõô»áÏë³ö´ËÉñÀ´Ö®±Ê£¬
ÓÚ1928Äê5ÔÂ3ÈÕ¸øÅÝÀû£¨W. Pauli , 1900 - 1958£©Ð´ÁËÒ»·âÐÅÃèÊö
ÁËËûµÄ·³ÄÕ£º
ΪÁ˲»³ÖÐøµØ±»µÒÀ¿ËËù·³ÈÅ£¬ÎÒ»»ÁËÒ»¸öÌâÄ¿×ö£¬µÃµ½ÁËһЩ
³É¹û¡££¨°´£ºÕâ³É¹ûÊÇÁíÒ»ÏîÖØÒª¹±Ï×£º´ÅÌúΪÉõôÊÇ´ÅÌú¡££©
µÒÀ¿Ë·½³ÌÖ®Ãî´¦ËäÈ»µ±Ê±Á¢¿Ì±»Í¬ÐÐËùÈÏʶ£¬¿ÉÊÇËüÓÐÒ»ÏîÇ°
ËùδÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬½Ð×ö¡°¸ºÄÜ¡±ÏÖÏó£¬ÕâÊÇ´ó¼ÒËù¾ø¶Ô²»ÄܽÓÊܵġ£µÒ
À¿ËµÄÎÄÕ·¢±íÒÔºóÈýÄê¼ä¹ØÓÚ¸ºÄÜÏÖÏóÓÐÁËÐí¶à¸´ÔÓµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬×îºó
ÓÚ1931ÄêµÒÀ¿ËÓÖ´óµ¨Ìá³ö ¡° ·´ Á£ ×Ó ¡± Àí ÂÛ £¨ Theory of
Antiparticles £© À´½âÊ͸ºÄÜÏÖÏó¡£ Õâ¸öÀíÂÛµ±Ê±¸ü²»ÎªÍ¬ÐÐËù½Ó
ÊÜ£¬ Òò¶øÁ÷´«ÁËÐí¶à°ëÏÛĽ°ë³°ÅªµÄ¹ÊÊ¡£ Ö±µ½1932ÄêÇï°² µÂ É
£¨C.D. Anderson , 1905 - 1991£©·¢ÏÖÁ˵ç×ӵķ´Á£×ÓÒԺ󣬴ó¼Ò
²Å½¥½¥ÈÏʶµ½·´Á£×ÓÀíÂÛÓÖÊÇÎïÀíѧµÄÁíÒ»¸öÀï³Ì±®¡£
¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÎïÀíѧ¼ÒÖУ¬·ç¸ñ×î¶ÀÌصľÍÊýµÒÀ¿ËÁË¡£ÎÒÔøÏë°Ñ
ËûµÄÎÄÕµķç¸ñдÏÂÀ´¸øÎÒµÄÎÄ¡¢Ê·¡¢ÒÕÊõ·½ÃæµÄÅóÓÑÃÇ¿´£¬Ê¼ÖÕ²»
ÖªÈçºÎϱʡ£È¥ÄêżȻÔÚÏã¸Û´ó¹«±¨´ó¹«Ô°Ò»À¸ÉÏ¿´µ½Ò»ÆªÎÄÕ£¬Æä
ÖÐÒýÁ˸ßÊÊ£¨700 - 765£©ÔÚ¡¶´ðºîÉÙ¸®¡·ÖеÄÊ«¾ä£º ¡°ÐÔÁé³öÍò
Ï󣬷ç¹Ç³¬³£Âס£¡±Îҷdz£¸ßÐË£¬¾õµÃÓÃÕâÁ½¾äÊ«À´ÃèÊöµÒÀ¿Ë·½³Ì
ºÍ·´Á£×ÓÀíÂÛÊÇÔÙºÃûÓÐÁË£ºÒ»·½ÃæµÒÀ¿Ë·½³Ìȷʵ°üÂÞÍòÏ󣬶øÓÃ
¡°³ö¡±×ÖÃèÊöµÒÀ¿ËµÄÁé¸ÐÓÈΪ´«Éñ¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ËûÓÚ1928ÄêÒÔºóËÄ
Äê¼ä²»¹Ë²£¶û£¨N. Bohr , 1885 - 1962£©¡¢º£É²®¡¢ÅÝÀûµÈµ±Ê±µÄ
´óÎïÀíѧ¼ÒµÄÀä³°ÈÈ·í£¬Ê¼ÖÕ¼á³ÖËûµÄÀíÂÛ£¬¶ø×îºóµÃµ½È«Ê¤£¬ÕýºÏ
¡°·ç¹Ç³¬³£Âס±¡£
¿ÉÊÇÉõôÊÇ¡°ÐÔÁ顱ÄØ£¿ÕâÁ½¸ö×ÖÁªÆðÀ´×ÖµäÉϵĽâÊͲ»Öпϡ£
ÈôÖ±¾õµØ°Ñ¡°ÐÔÇ顱¡¢¡°±¾ÐÔ¡±¡¢¡°ÐÄÁ顱¡¢¡°Áé»ê¡±¡¢¡°Áé¸Ð¡±¡¢
¡°ÁéϬ¡±¡¢ ¡°Ê¥Á顱£¨Ghost£©µÈ¼ÓÆðÀ´ËƺõÊÇÖ¸Ö±½ÓµÄ¡¢ÔʼµÄ¡¢
δ¼Ó×ÁÄ¥µÄ˼·£¬¶øÕâÇ¡ÇÉÊǵÒÀ¿Ë·½³ÌÖ®¾«Éñ¡£¸ÕºÃ´ËʱÎÒºÍÏã¸Û
ÖÐ ÎÄ´óѧͯԪ·½²©Ê¿Ì¸µ½¡¶¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í¡·1996Äê6ÔºÅÇ®ËøÇŵÄһƪ
ÎÄÕ£¬²ÅÖªµÀÔ¬ºêµÀ£¨1568 - 1610£©£¨ºÍºóÀ´µÄÖÜ×÷ÈË¡²1885 -
1967¡³£¬ ÁÖÓïÌá²1895 - 1976¡³µÈ£©µÄÐÔÁéÂÛ¡£Ô¬ºêµÀ˵ËûµÄµÜµÜ
Ô¬ÖеÀ£¨1570 - 1623£©µÄÊ«ÊÇ¡°¶ÀÊãÐÔÁ飬²»¾Ð¸ñÌס±£¬ ÕâÒ²ÕýÊÇ
µÒÀ¿Ë×÷·çµÄÌØÕ÷¡£¡°·Ç´Ó×Ô¼ºµÄÐØÒÜÁ÷³ö£¬²»¿Ïϱʡ±£¬ÓÖÕýºÃÃè
ÊöÁ˵ÒÀ¿ËµÄ¶À´´ÐÔ£¡
¶þ¡¢º£É²®
±ÈµÒÀ¿ËÄ곤һËêµÄº£É²®ÊǶþÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍÁíһλ´óÎïÀíѧ¼Ò£¬ÓÐÈË
ÈÏΪËû±ÈµÒÀ¿Ë»¹ÒªÂÔ¸ßÒ»³ï¡£ËûÓÚ1925ÄêÏÄÌìдÁËһƪÎÄÕ£¬Òýµ¼
³öÁËÁ¿×ÓÁ¦Ñ§µÄ·¢Õ¹¡£ ÈýÊ®°ËÄêÒÔºó¿Æѧʷ¼Ò¿â¶÷£¨T. Kuhn ,
1922 - 1996£©·ÃÎÊËû£¬Ì¸µ½¹¹Ë¼ÄǸö¹¤×÷ʱµÄÇé¾°¡£º£É²®Ëµ£º
ÅÀɽµÄʱºò£¬ÄãÏëÅÀij¸öɽ·å£¬µ«ÍùÍùµ½´¦ÊÇÎí¡¡ÄãÓеØͼ£¬
»ò±ðµÄË÷ÒýÖ®ÀàµÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÖªµÀÄãµÄÄ¿µÄµØ£¬ µ«ÊÇÈÔ¶éÈëÎíÖС£ È»ºó
¡¡ºöÈ»ÄãÄ£ºýµØ£¬ Ö»ÔÚÊýÃëÖӵŦ·ò£¬ ×ÔÎíÖп´µ½Ò»Ð©ÐÎÏó£¬Äã
˵£º¡°Å¶£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÒªÕҵĴóʯ¡£¡±Õû¸öÇéÐÎ×Դ˶ø·¢ÉúÁËÍ»±ä£¬Òò
ΪËäÈ»ÄãÈÔ²»ÖªµÀÄãÄܲ»ÄÜÅÀµ½ÄÇ¿é´óʯ£¬µ«ÊÇÄÇһ˲¼äÄã˵£º¡°ÎÒ
ÏÖÔÚÖªµÀÎÒÔÚÉõôµØ·½ÁË¡£ÎÒ±ØÐëÅÀ½üÄÇ¿é´óʯ£¬È»ºó¾ÍÖªµÀ¸ÃÈçºÎ
Ç°½øÁË¡£¡±
Õâ¶Î̸»°Éú¶¯µØÃèÊöÁ˺£É²®1925ÄêÏÄÃþË÷Ç°½øµÄÇéÐΡ£ÒªÁ˽â
µ±Ê±µÄÆø·Õ£¬±ØÐëÖªµÀ×Ô´Ó1913Äê²£¶ûÌá³öÁËËûµÄÔ×ÓÄ£ÐÍÒÔºó£¬Îï
Àíѧ¼´½øÈëÁËÒ»¸ö·Ç³£Ê±´ú£º Å£¶Ù£¨I. Newton , 1642 - 1727£©Á¦
ѧµÄ»ù´¡·¢ÉúÁ˶¯Ò¡£¬¿ÉÊÇÓÃÁËÅ£¶ÙÁ¦Ñ§µÄһЩ¹ÛÄîÔÙ¼ÓÉÏһЩеÄ
ÍùÍù²»ÄÜ×ÔÔ²Æä˵µÄ¼ÙÉ裬ȴÓÖ¿ÉÒÔ׼ȷµØÃèÊöÐí¶àÔ×ӽṹ·½ÃæÆæ
ÌصÄʵÑé½á¹û¡£°Â±¾º£Ä¬£¨J.R. Oppenheimer , 1904 - 1967£©ÕâÑù
ÃèÊöÕâ¸ö²»Ñ°³£µÄʱ´ú£º
ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸öÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀïÄÍÐŤ×÷µÄʱ´ú£¬ÓÐÐí¶à¹Ø¼üÐÔµÄʵÑéºÍ´ó
µ¨µÄ¾ö²ß£¬ÓÐÐí¶à´íÎóµÄ³¢ÊԺͲ»³ÉÊìµÄ¼ÙÉè¡£ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸öÕæֿͨѶÓë
´Òæ»áÒéµÄʱ´ú£¬ÓÐÐí¶à¼¤ÁҵıçÂÛºÍÎÞÇéµÄÅúÆÀ£¬ÀïÃæ³äÂúÁËÇÉÃî
µÄÊýѧÐԵĵ²¼Ü·½·¨¡£
¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩ²Î¼ÓÕߣ¬ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸ö´´ÐµÄʱ´ú£¬×ÔÓîÖæ½á¹¹µÄÐÂÈÏʶÖÐ
ËûÃǵõ½Á˼¤·Ü£¬Ò²³¢µ½Á˿־塣Õâ¶ÎÀúÊ·¿ÖÅÂÓÀÔ¶²»»á±»ÍêÈ«¼Í¼
ÏÂÀ´¡£ ҪдÕâ¶ÎÀúÊ·ÐëÒªÓÐÏñд°ÂµÏÅÁ˹£¨Oedipus£©»òд¿ËÂ×Íþ¶û
£¨Cromwell£©ÄÇÑùµÄ±ÊÁ¦£¬¿ÉÊÇÓÉÓÚÉæ¼°µÄ֪ʶ¾àÀëÈÕ³£Éú»îÊÇÈç´Ë
Ò£Ô¶£¬ÊµÔÚºÜÄÑÏëÏñÓÐÈκÎÊ«ÈË»òÊ·¼ÒÄÜʤÈΡ£
1925ÄêÏÄÌ죬23ËêµÄº£É²®ÔÚÎíÖÐÃþË÷£¬ÖÕÓÚÃþµ½ÁË·½Ïò£¬Ð´ÁË
ÉÏ ÃæËùÌáµ½µÄÄÇƪÎÄÕ¡£ ÓÐÈË˵ÕâÊÇÈý°ÙÄêÀ´ÎïÀíѧʷÉϼÌÅ£¶ÙµÄ
¡¶ÊýѧÔÀí¡·ÒÔºóÓ°Ïì×îÉîÔ¶µÄһƪÎÄÕ¡£
¿ÉÊÇÕâƪÎÄÕÂÖ»¿ª´´ÁËÒ»¸öÃþË÷Ç°½øµÄ·½Ïò£¬´ËºóÁ½Äê¼ä»¹ÒªÍ¨
¹ý ²£ ¶÷£¨M. Born , 1882 - 1970£©¡¢ µÒÀ¿Ë¡¢ Ѧ¶¨ÚÌ£¨E.
Schrdinger , 1887 - 1961£©¡¢²£¶ûµÈÈ˺ͺ£É²®×Ô¼ºµÄŬÁ¦£¬Á¿×Ó
Á¦Ñ§µÄÕûÌå¼Ü¹¹²ÅÖð½¥Íê³É¡£Á¿×ÓÁ¦Ñ§Ê¹ÎïÀíѧ¿çÈëոеÄʱ´ú£¬¸ü
Ö±½ÓÓ°ÏìÁ˶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¹¤Òµ·¢Õ¹£¬¾Ù·²ºËÄÜ·¢µç¡¢ºËÎäÆ÷¡¢¼¤¹â¡¢°ë
µ¼ÌåÔª¼þµÈ¶¼ÊÇÁ¿×ÓÁ¦Ñ§µÄ²úÎï¡£
1927ÄêÏÄ£¬ 25ËêÉÐδ½á»éµÄº£É²®µ±ÁËÀ³±ÈÎý£¨Leipzig£©´óѧ
ÀíÂÛÎïÀíϵÖ÷ÈΡ£ºóÀ´³ÉÃûµÄ²¼ÂåºÕ£¨F. Bloch , 1905 - 1983£¬ºË
´Å¹²Õñ»úÖÆ´´½¨Õߣ©ºÍÌØÀÕ£¨E. Teller , 1908 -£¬¡°Çⵯ֮¸¸¡±£¬
ÎÒÔÚÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧʱµÄ²©Ê¿Ñ§Î»µ¼Ê¦£©¶¼ÊÇËûµÄѧÉú¡£ Ëûϲ»¶´òƹ ÅÒ
Çò£¬¶øÇÒ¼«ºÃʤ¡£µÚÒ»ÄêËûÔÚϵÖгưԡ£1928ÄêÇï×ÔÃÀ¹úÀ´ÁËһ벩
Ê¿ºó£¬×Դ˺£É²®Ö»ÄÜÇü¾ÓÑǾü¡£Õâλ²©Ê¿ºóµÄÃû×ÖÊÇ´ó¼Ò¶¼ºÜÊìϤ
µÄ¡ª¡ªÖÜÅàÔ´¡£
º£É²®ËùÓеÄÎÄÕ¶¼ÓÐÒ»¹²Í¬Ìص㣺ëüëÊ¡¢²»Çå³þ¡¢ÓÐÔü×Ò£¬Óë
µÒÀ¿ËµÄÎÄÕµķç¸ñÐγÉÒ»¸öÏÊÃ÷µÄ¶Ô±È¡£¶ÁÁ˺£É²®µÄÎÄÕ£¬Äã»á
¾ªÌ¾ËûµÄ¶À´´Á¦£¨originality£©£¬ È»¶ø»á¾õµÃÎÊÌ⻹ûÓÐ×öÍ꣬û
ÓÐ×öǬ¾»£¬»¹Òª·¢Õ¹ÏÂÈ¥£»¶ø¶ÁÁ˵ÒÀ¿ËµÄÎÄÕ£¬ÄãÒ²»á¾ªÌ¾ËûµÄ¶À
´´Á¦£¬Í¬Ê±È´¾õµÃËûËƺõÒÑ°ÑÒ»Çж¼·¢Õ¹µ½Á˾¡Í·£¬Ã»ÓÐÉõôÔÙ¿ÉÒÔ
×öÏÂÈ¥ÁË¡£
Ç°ÃæÌáµ½µÒÀ¿ËµÄÎÄÕ¸øÈË¡°ÇïË®ÎÄÕ²»È¾³¾¡±µÄ¸ÐÊÜ¡£º£É²®
µÄÎÄÕÂÔòÍêÈ«²»Í¬¡£¶þÕ߶ԱÈÇå×Ç·ÖÃ÷¡£ÎÒÏë²»µ½ÓÐÉõôʫ¾ä»ò³ÉÓï
¿ÉÒÔÃèÊöº£É²®µÄÎÄÕ£¬¼ÈÄܵÀ³öËûµÄÌì²ÅµÄ¶À´´ÐÔ£¬ÓÖÄÜÃèÊöËûµÄ
˼·Öв»Çå³þ¡¢ÓÐÔü×Ò¡¢ÓÐʱËƺõãȻÂÒÃþË÷µÄÌص㡣
Èý¡¢ÎïÀíѧÓëÊýѧ
º£É²®ºÍµÒÀ¿ËµÄ·ç¸ñΪÉõôÈç´Ë²»Í¬£¿Ö÷ÒªÔÒòÊÇËûÃÇËùרע
µÄÎïÀíѧÄÚº²»Í¬¡£ÎªÁ˽âÊʹ˵㣬 Ç뿴ͼ1Ëù±íʾµÄÎïÀíѧµÄÈý¸ö
²¿ÃźÍÆäÖеĹØϵ£ºÎ¨ÏóÀíÂÛ£¨phenomenological theory£©£¨2£©ÊÇ
½éºõʵÑ飨1£©ºÍÀíÂۼܹ¹£¨3£©Ö®¼äµÄÑо¿¡££¨1£©ºÍ£¨2£©ºÏÆðÀ´ÊÇ
ʵÑéÎïÀí£¬£¨2£©ºÍ£¨3£©ºÏÆðÀ´ÊÇÀíÂÛÎïÀí£¬¶øÀíÂÛÎïÀíµÄÓïÑÔÊÇÊý
ѧ¡£
©³©¥©¥©¥©¥©¥©·
©§ ʵ Ñé ©§ £¨1£©
©»©¥©Ó©¥©Ó©¥©¿
©³©¥©Û©¥©Û©¥©·
© © ©§ ΨÏóÀíÂÛ ©§ £¨2£©
©¦ ²£¶û
¦ ©»©¥©Ó©¥©Ó©¥©¿
©¦ º£É²®©È ¡ü ¡ý
©¦ ©¸ ©³©¥©Û©¥©Û©¥©·
°®Òò˹̹ ©ÈѦ¶¨ÚÌ ©§ ÀíÂÛ¹¹¼Ü ©§ £¨3£©
©¦ ©° ©»©¥©Ó©¥©Ó©¥©¿
©¦ ©¦ ¡ü ¡ý
©¦ µÒÀ¿Ë © ©³©¥©Û©¥©Û©¥©·
©¸ ©¸ ©§ Êý ѧ ©§ £¨4£©
©»©¥©¥©¥©¥©¥©¿
ͼ2 ¼¸Î»¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼ÍÎïÀíѧ¼ÒµÄÑо¿ÁìÓò
º£É²®´ÓʵÑ飨1£©ÓëΨÏóÀíÂÛ£¨2£©³ö·¢£ºÊµÑéÓëΨÏóÀíÂÛÊÇÎå
¹âʮɫ¡¢´í×Û¸´Ôӵģ¬ËùÒÔËûÒªÃþË÷£¬ÒªÓÌÔ¥£¬Òª³¢ÊÔÁËÔÙ³¢ÊÔ£¬Òò
´ËËûµÄÎÄÕÂÒ²¾Í¸ø¶ÁÕß²»Çå³þ¡¢ÓÐÔü×ҵĸоõ¡£µÒÀ¿ËÔò´ÓËû¶ÔÊýѧ
µÄÁé¸Ð³ö·¢£ºÊýѧµÄ×î¸ß¾³½çÊǽṹÃÀ£¬ÊǼò½àµÄÂß¼ÃÀ£¬Òò´ËËûµÄ
ÎÄÕÂÒ²¾Í¸ø¶ÁÕß¡°ÇïË®ÎÄÕ²»È¾³¾¡±µÄ¸ÐÊÜ¡£
ÈÃÎÒ²¹³äÒ»µã¹ØÓÚÊýѧºÍÎïÀíµÄ¹Øϵ¡£ÎÒÔø¾°Ñ¶þÕߵĹØϵ±íʾ
ΪÁ½Æ¬ÔÚ¾¥´¦ÖصþµÄҶƬ£¨Í¼3£©¡£ ÖصþµÄµØ·½Í¬Ê±ÊǶþÕßÖ®¸ù£¬¶þ
ÕßÖ®Ô´¡£Æ©Èç΢·Ö·½³Ì¡¢Æ«Î¢·Ö·½³Ì¡¢
£¨Bob×¢£ºÔͼÊǽöÔڵײ¿ÉÙÁ¿ÖصþµÄÁ½¸ö³¤ÂÑÐÎҶƬ£©
Ï£¶û²®Ìؿռ䡢ÀèÂü¼¸ºÎºÍÏËά´ÔµÈ£¬½ñÌ춼ÊǶþÕß¹²ÓõĻù±¾
¹ÛÄî¡£ÕâÊǾªÈ˵ÄÊÂʵ£¬ÒòΪÊ×ÏÈ´ïµ½ÕâЩ¹ÛÄîµÄÎïÀíѧ¼ÒÓëÊýѧ¼Ò
Ôø×ñÑÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ·¾¶£¬ÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ´«Í³¡£ÎªÉõô»áÊâ;ͬ¹éÄØ£¿´ó
¼Ò½ñÌìûÓкܺõĴ𰸣¬¿ÖÅÂÓÀÔ¶²»»áÓУ¬ÒòΪ´ð°¸±ØÐëÇ£³¶µ½ÓîÖæ
¹Û¡¢ÖªÊ¶ÂÛºÍ×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöµÈÄÑÌâ¡£
±ØÐë×¢ÒâµÄÊÇÔÚÖصþµÄµØ·½£¬¹²ÓõĻù±¾¹ÛÄîËäÈ»Èç´Ë¾ªÈ˵ØÏà
ͬ£¬ µ«ÊÇÖصþµÄµØ·½²¢²»¶à£¬ Ö»Õ¼¶þÕ߸÷×Եļ«ÉÙ²¿·Ö¡£Æ©ÈçʵÑé
£¨1£©ÓëΨÏóÀíÂÛ£¨2£©¶¼²»ÔÚÖصþÇø£¬¶ø¾ø´ó²¿·ÖµÄÊýѧ¹¤×÷Ò²ÔÚÖØ
µþÇøÖ®Íâ¡£ÁíÍâÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊǼ´Ê¹ÔÚÖصþÇø£¬ËäÈ»»ù±¾¹ÛÄîÎïÀíÓëÊý
ѧ¹²Ó㬵«ÊǶþÕߵļÛÖµ¹ÛÓ봫ͳ½ØÈ»²»Í¬£¬¶ø¶þÕß·¢Õ¹µÄÉúÃüÁ¦Ò²
¸÷×Ô×ñѲ»Í¬µÄ¾¥ÂöÁ÷ͨ£¬Èçͼ3Ëùʾ¡£
³£³£ÓÐÄêÇàÅóÓÑÎÊÎÒ£¬ËûÓ¦¸ÃÑо¿ÎïÀí£¬»¹ÊÇÑо¿Êýѧ¡£ÎҵĻØ
´ðÊÇÕâÒª¿´Äã¶ÔÄÇÒ»¸öÁìÓòÀïµÄÃÀºÍÃîÓиü¸ßµÄÅжÏÄÜÁ¦ºÍ¸ü´óµÄϲ
°®¡£°®Òò˹̹ÔÚÍíÄêʱ£¨1949Ä꣩Ôø¾ÌÖÂÛ¹ýΪÉõôËûÑ¡ÔñÁËÎïÀí¡£
Ëû˵£º
ÔÚÊýѧÁìÓòÀ ÎÒµÄÖ±¾õ²»¹»£¬ ²»ÄܱæÈÏÄÇЩÊÇÕæÕýÖØÒªµÄÑÐ
¾¿£¬ÄÇЩֻÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄÌâÄ¿¡£¶øÔÚÎïÀíÁìÓòÀÎҺܿìѧµ½ÔõÑùÕÒµ½
»ù±¾ÎÊÌâÀ´Ï¹¦·ò¡£
ÄêÇàÈËÃæ¶ÔÑ¡Ôñǰ;·½Ïòʱ£¬Òª¶Ô×Ô¼ºµÄϲºÃÓëÅжÏÄÜÁ¦ÓÐÕýÈ·
µÄ×ÔÎÒ¹À¼Û¡£
ËÄ¡¢ÃÀÓëÎïÀíѧ
ÎïÀíѧ×Ô£¨1£©µ½£¨2£©µ½£¨3£©ÊÇ×Ô±íÃæÏòÉî²ãµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£ ±íÃæÓÐ
±íÃæµÄ½á¹¹£¬ÓбíÃæµÄÃÀ¡£Æ©ÈçºçºÍÄÞÊǼ«ÃÀµÄ±íÃæÏÖÏó£¬ÈËÈ˶¼¿É
ÒÔ¿´µ½¡£ ʵÑ鹤×÷Õß×÷Á˲âÁ¿ÒÔºó·¢ÏÖºçÊÇ42¸ßÂþ³þAºìÔÚÍ⣬×ÏÔÚ
ÄÚ£»ÄÞÊÇ50¸ßÂþ³þAºìÔÚÄÚ£¬×ÏÔÚÍâ¡£ ÕâÖÖ׼ȷ¹æÂÉÔö¼ÓÁËʵÑ鹤×÷
Õ߶Ô×ÔÈ»ÏÖÏóµÄÃÀµÄÈÏʶ¡£ ÕâÊǵÚÒ»²½£¨1£©¡£½øÒ»²½µÄΨÏóÀíÂÛÑÐ
¾¿£¨2£©Ê¹ÎïÀíѧ¼ÒÁ˽⵽Õâ42ÕìP50ÉýiÒÔ´ÓÑô¹âÔÚË®ÖéÖеÄÕÛÉä Óë
·´ÉäÍÆËã³öÀ´£¬´ËÖÖÁ˽âÏÔʾ³öÁËÉîÒ»²ãµÄÃÀ¡£ÔÙ½øÒ»²½µÄÑо¿¸üÉî
ÈëÁ˽âÕÛÉäÓë·´ÉäÏÖÏó±¾Éí¿É´ÓÒ»¸ö°üÈÝÍòÏóµÄÂó¿Ë˹Τ·½³ÌÍÆËã³ö
À´£¬Õâ¾ÍÏÔʾ³öÁ˼«Éî²ãµÄÀíÂۼܹ¹£¨3£©µÄÃÀ¡£
Å£¶ÙµÄÔ˶¯·½³Ì¡¢Âó¿Ë˹Τ·½³Ì¡¢°®Òò˹̹µÄÏÁÒåÓë¹ãÒåÏà¶ÔÂÛ
·½³Ì¡¢µÒÀ¿Ë·½³Ì¡¢º£É²®·½³ÌºÍÆäËûÎå¡¢Áù¸ö·½³ÌÊÇÎïÀíѧÀíÂÛ¼Ü
¹¹µÄ¹Ç¸É¡£ËüÃÇÌáÁ¶Á˼¸¸öÊÀ¼ÍµÄʵÑ鹤×÷£¨1£©ÓëΨÏóÀíÂÛ£¨2£©µÄ
¾«Ë裬´ïµ½ÁË¿ÆѧÑо¿µÄ×î¸ß¾³½ç¡£ËüÃÇÒÔ¼«¶ÈŨËõµÄÊýѧÓïÑÔд³ö
ÁËÎïÀíÊÀ½çµÄ»ù±¾½á¹¹£¬¿ÉÒÔ˵ËüÃÇÊÇÔìÎïÕßµÄʫƪ¡£
ÕâЩ·½³Ì»¹ÓÐÒ»·½ÃæÓëÊ«Óй²Í¬µã£ºËüÃǵÄÄÚºÍùÍùËæ¡õÎïÀíѧ
µÄ·¢Õ¹¶ø²úÉúеġ¢µ±³õËùÍêȫûÓÐÏëµ½µÄÒâÒå¡£¾ÙÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£ºÉÏÃæ
Ìáµ½¹ýµÄÊ®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍÖÐҶдÏÂÀ´µÄÂó¿Ë˹Τ·½³ÌÊÇÔÚ±¾ÊÀ¼Í³õͨ¹ý°®Òò
˹̹µÄ¹¤×÷²ÅÏÔʾ³ö¸ß¶ÈµÄ¶Ô³ÆÐÔ£¬¶øÕâÖÖ¶Ô³ÆÐÔÒÔºóÖð½¥·¢Õ¹Îª¶þ
Ê®ÊÀ¼ÍÎïÀíѧµÄÒ»¸ö×îÖØÒªµÄÖÐÐÄ˼Ïë¡£ÁíÒ»¸öÀý×ÓÊǵÒÀ¿Ë·½³Ì¡£
Ëü×î³õÍêȫûÓб»Êýѧ¼ÒËù×¢Ò⣬ ¶ø½ñÌìµÒ À ¿Ë Á÷ ÐÍ £¨ Dirac
Manifold£©Òѱä³ÉÊýѧ¼ÒÈÈÃÅÑо¿µÄÒ»¸öпÎÌâ¡£
ѧÎïÀíµÄÈËÁ˽âÁËÕâЩÏñÊ«Ò»ÑùµÄ·½³ÌµÄÒâÒåÒԺ󣬶ÔËüÃǵÄÃÀ
µÄ¸ÐÊÜÊǼÈÖ±½Ó¶øÓÖÊ®·Ö¸´Ôӵġ£
ËüÃǵļ«¶ÈŨËõÐÔºÍËüÃǵİüÂÞÍòÏóµÄÌصãÒ²Ðí¿ÉÒÔÓò¼ À× ¿Ë
£¨W. Blake , 1757 - 182 7£©µÄ²»ÐàÃû¾äÀ´ÃèÊö:
¡¡¡¡To see a World in a Grain of Sand
¡¡¡¡And a Heaven in a Wild Flower
¡¡ Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
¡¡¡¡And Eternity in an hour
ËüÃǵľ޴óÓ°ÏìÒ²Ðí¿ÉÒÔÓÃÆÑ°Ø£¨A. Pope , 1688 - 1744£©µÄ
Ãû¾äÀ´ÃèÊö:
¡¡Nature and nature's law lay hid in night:
¡¡¡¡God said, let Newton be! And all was light.
¿ÉÊÇÕâЩ¶¼²»¹»£¬¶¼²»¹»È«ÃæµØµÀ³öѧÎïÀíµÄÈËÃæ¶ÔÕâЩ·½³ÌµÄ
ÃÀµÄ¸ÐÊÜ¡£È±ÉÙµÄËƺõÊÇÒ»ÖÖׯÑϸУ¬Ò»ÖÖÉñÊ¥¸Ð£¬Ò»ÖÖ³õ¿úÓîÖæ°Â
ÃصÄη¾å¸Ð¡£ÎÒÏëȱÉٵĿÖÅÂÕýÊdzィ¸çµÂʽ£¨Gothic£©½ÌÌõĽ¨Öþ
ʦÃÇËùÒª¸èË̵ijç¸ßÃÀ¡¢Áé»êÃÀ¡¢×Ú½ÌÃÀ¡¢×îÖÕ¼«µÄÃÀ¡£
£¨Bob×¢£ºÔÎÄÓдóÁ¿×¢ÊͺÍÒýÓÃÎÄÏ×ÂÔ£©
¡¾ÔÔØ¡¶¶þʮһÊÀ¼Í¡·µÚ40ÆÚ¡¿
--
¡ù ÐÞ¸Ä:£®Landau ÓÚ Aug 7 16:50:55 Ð޸ı¾ÎÄ£®[FROM: 202.118.226.1]
¡ù À´Ô´:£®×Ï ¶¡ Ïã bbs.hit.edu.cn£®[FROM: hs5.hit.edu.cn]
--
¡ù תÔØ:£®×Ï ¶¡ Ïã bbs.hit.edu.cn£®[FROM: 202.118.226.1]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
Ò³ÃæÖ´ÐÐʱ¼ä£º211.568ºÁÃë