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标 题: Marvin Minsky(1969)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年04月26日07:58:36 星期五), 站内信件
Marvin Minsky
Also known as: Marvin (Lee) Minsky, Marvin Lee Minsky
Born: 1927
Nationality: American
Occupation: computer scientist
Source: Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. Gale Research, 1995.
Table of Contents
Biographical Essay
Further Readings
Works
BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
Marvin Lee Minsky is an educator and computer scholar at Massachusetts Insti
tute of Technology and a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence. Si
nce the early 1950s, he has attempted to define and explain the thinking pro
cess and design a machine that can duplicate it. His 1987 book, The Society
of Mind, put forward a detailed and mechanistic theory of how the mind works
, and how it might be artificially duplicated. For his original and outstand
ing achievements in science and technology, Minsky was awarded the Japan Pri
ze in 1990. Marvin Lee Minsky was born in New York City on August 9, 1927, t
o Dr. Henry Minsky and Fannie Reiser. His father was an eye surgeon and an a
rtist. His mother was active in the Zionist movement. For the most part, Min
sky attended private schools during his childhood, where his intelligence an
d later his interest in electronics and chemistry were nurtured. He learned
early that he was most comfortable in the intellectually stimulating world o
f academia. This perception was enhanced in 1945, when, following his high s
chool graduation, he enlisted in the United States Navy. He took his basic t
raining at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center north of Chicago, with abou
t one hundred and twenty other recruits. He later told Jeremy Bernstein, an
interviewer for the New Yorker, that "they provided my first, and essentiall
y my last, contact with nonacademic people."
Minsky enrolled at Harvard University in 1946, majoring in physics, but his
eclectic interests kept him attending classes in a wide variety of subjects,
including genetics, mathematics, and the nature of intelligence. He associa
ted briefly with the researchers in the psychology department, but questione
d the prevailing theories of what happens deep inside the mind. He confided
to Bernstein in a New Yorker interview that he found B. F. Skinner's theorie
s unacceptable "because they were an attempt to fit curves to behavior witho
ut any internal ideas." Skinner had enjoyed considerable success in conditio
ning animal behavior using these hypotheses, but Minsky felt there must be a
better explanation. Minsky switched his major to mathematics in his senior
year, and graduated in 1950.
From Harvard, Minsky moved to Princeton to begin his doctoral studies. In th
e same environment in which mathematician Alan Turing had constructed the fi
rst electrical multiplier just prior to World War II, Minsky applied his bud
ding theories of mentation to the construction of a learning machine which h
e called the Snarc, whose purpose was to learn how to traverse a maze using
forty "agent" components and a system to reward success. However, Minsky's a
ccomplishments with the Snarc were limited; although he felt himself on the
right track with the "reward" principle, it was not versatile enough for Min
sky's purposes.
Minsky began to explore how a machine might use memory to use past experienc
e. This thought is elaborated on in his doctoral dissertation, in which he t
ries to show ways that a learning machine can predict the results of its beh
avior, based on its knowledge of past actions. There was some question at th
e time whether this line of inquiry properly belonged in a program that was
ostensibly about mathematics. This is a recurring problem for Minsky, whose
interests typically draw from so many disciplines that it becomes difficult
to determine exactly what to label them. After receiving his Ph.D., Minsky a
ccepted a three-year junior fellowship at Harvard, where, as he later said,
he had no obligations except to pursue his theories about intelligence.
Co-founder of MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
In 1958 Minsky joined the staff at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
's Lincoln Laboratory. He became an assistant professor of mathematics, and,
in 1959, he and a colleague, John Mc Carthy , founded the MIT Artificial In
telligence Project. This project eventually became the Artificial Intelligen
ce Laboratory, of which Minsky was the director from 1964 until 1973. In 197
4, he was promoted to Donner professor of science in the department of elect
rical engineering and computer science. In 1989, he moved to MIT's media lab
oratory, where he became Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences.
Minsky has made it his life's work to finalize an overall theory of how mind
s work. He has disturbed, and perhaps alienated, many of his co-researchers
by insisting that what we think of as "consciousness" or "self-awareness" is
actually a myth--a convenient fallacy which allows us to function as a soci
ety. According to Minsky's theory (which he has outlined in The Society of M
ind as well as in numerous articles in popular magazines), there is no diffe
rence between humans and machines, because, he believes, humans are machines
whose brains are made up of many semi-autonomous but unintelligent "agents,
" but who mistakenly consider themselves intelligent individuals. According
to Eugene F. Mallove in a Tech Talk article, "it is Minsky's view that hundr
eds of specialized 'computers' make up the human brain--or any other large b
rain for that matter. Many of these are at work cooperatively and unconsciou
sly." Some have expressed concern that Minsky's mechanistic view of how mind
s work flies in the face of much established knowledge in the fields of biol
ogy and psychology, and contradicts what we seem to perceive about ourselves
. But Minsky dismisses such objections, maintaining that most research on ho
w the mind works has been crippled by researchers who simply ask the wrong q
uestions.
Although Minsky still holds a professorship at the Artificial Intelligence L
aboratory, most of the recent activity there has gone in directions that do
not fully support his theories. For the past few years, Minsky has devoted h
imself to private research, fleshing out his Society of Mind theory. His pro
fessional writings are not prolific, but he writes often in such publication
s as Omni and Discover, and has co-authored a science fiction novel (not sur
prisingly based on his theory) with Harry Harrison titled The Turing Option.
Artificial intelligence itself is a field in stasis; no major steps toward
developing--or even defining--a truly intelligent machine have been made in
decades. Minsky believes this could change if more researchers would pay att
ention to his theory. Whether or not that turns out to be true, it is very l
ikely that when the field of artificial intelligence does move forward, Mins
ky will be somewhere nearby, giving it a push.
Minsky married Gloria Rudisch, a doctor, in 1953. The couple has three child
ren: Margaret, Henry, and Juliana. Minsky has won many honors for his pionee
ring work: the Donner professorship, the Turing award in 1970, and the prest
igious Japan award in 1990.
WORKS
Robotics, Doubleday, 1985.
The Society of Mind, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
The Turing Option, (a novel), Warner Books, 1992.
Omni, October, 1986, p. 38.
Discover, October, 1989, p. 52; June, 1992, p. 84; July, 1993, p. 24.
Byte, January, 1989, p. 343.
Ad Astra, June, 1990, p. 34.
FURTHER READINGS
, Boston Globe, February 9, 1990.
, Business Week, March 2, 1992, p. 104.
, Current Biography, September, 1988, p. 398402.
, New Yorker, December 14, 1981.
, New York Times, April 18, 1990.
, Tech Talk, April 25, 1990.
--
当一个女孩儿觉得她不太容易了解那个男人的时候,她会爱他。
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