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标 题: John McCarthy(1971)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年04月26日07:59:13 星期五), 站内信件
John McCarthy
Born: 1927
Nationality: American
Occupation: computer scientist
Source: Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. Gale Research, 1995.
Table of Contents
Biographical Essay
Further Readings
Works
BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence (AI) and is recognized
as the father of AI research. He founded two of the most important AI labor
atories in the world and wrote the primary computer programming language for
AI research, List Processing Language (LISP) . While his quest for an intel
ligent machine has yet to be fulfilled, his work in computers has produced a
number of other important advances, including interactive time-sharing, com
puter semantics, and one of the first proposals to link home computers to a
public network.
A Red Diaper Baby
The oldest of two brothers, McCarthy was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on S
eptember 4, 1927. His father, John Patrick McCarthy, was an Irish immigrant
and working-class militant. His mother, Ida Glatt, was a Jewish Lithuanian a
ctive in the suffrage movement. Both were members of the Communist party in
the 1930s, so McCarthy is what is known among political activists as a "red
diaper" baby. John Patrick McCarthy worked as a carpenter, a fisherman, a un
ion organizer, and also as an inventor. He held two patents, one for a ship
caulking machine and the other for a hydraulic orange juice squeezer. Young
John McCarthy and his brother Patrick were raised to think politically and l
ogically, and although McCarthy eventually decided that Marxism was hardly s
cientific, he never renounced science, logic, or politics.
McCarthy was a bookish lad whose health problems eventually spurred his fami
ly's move to Los Angeles. He attended public school and skipped three grades
before entering the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech) in 1944 w
ith plans to become a mathematician. After several interruptions, including
a stint as an army clerk, he graduated in 1948. From Cal Tech, McCarthy went
to Princeton University, where he earned his doctorate in mathematics and t
ook his first academic job as an instructor in mathematics in 1951. Two year
s later he became an acting assistant professor of mathematics at Stanford U
niversity before moving to Dartmouth College in 1955. While at Dartmouth in
the summer of 1956, he was the principle organizer of the first conference o
n modeling intelligence in computers and coined the term artificial intellig
ence for the conference proposal. McCarthy was working on a chess-playing co
mputer program at the time. In order to limit the moves the computer had to
consider, McCarthy invented a search strategy and mathematical method that i
s now called the alpha-beta heuristic, which allowed the computer to elimina
te any moves that permit the computer's opponent to quickly gain an advantag
e.
Invents a Language Used Around the World
In 1958 McCarthy moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), w
here he became an associate professor and founded the first AI laboratory. I
t was here that McCarthy constructed the computer programming language calle
d List Processing Language , or LISP, which is still the most common compute
r language used in AI research. He also began work on the idea of giving a c
omputer "common sense"--a difficult problem that became the focus of many AI
researchers in the late 1980s--and developed the first means of interactive
time-sharing on computers which allows hundreds, or even thousands of peopl
e, to use one large computer at the same time. During his tenure at MIT, McC
arthy married for the first time and had the first of his two daughters, Sus
an Joanne. In 1962 he moved his family to Stanford to take up a professorshi
p in computer science and start a second AI laboratory. He has two other chi
ldren, Sarah Kathleen and Timothy Talcott.
While at Stanford McCarthy continued to contribute to AI research in a numbe
r of ways, from mentoring many of the best young scientists in the field, to
clarifying the different roles played by mathematical logic and common sens
e (called nonmonotonic reasoning by McCarthy) in AI. But his greatest contri
bution has been in the area of artificial languages, especially semantics. P
hilip J. Hilts, in his book Scientific Temperaments, quotes one mathematicia
n on LISP: "The new expansion of man's view of the nature of mathematical ob
jects, made possible by LISP, is exciting. There appears to be no limit to t
he diversity of problems to which LISP will be applied. It seems to be a tru
ly general language, with commensurate computing power." In addition, McCart
hy has speculated on machines that could make copies of themselves (automata
) as well as artificial intelligence smarter than its creator.
McCarthy's adventurous impulses have not been confined to academic speculati
ons. He has been a rock climber, a pilot, and he has even made a dozen parac
hute jumps. After McCarthy's first marriage ended in divorce in the 1960s, h
e married Vera Watson, a computer programmer and a world-class mountain clim
ber. She was the first woman to solo the 22,800-foot Aconcagua peak in the A
ndes, and for a number of years she and McCarthy climbed lesser peaks togeth
er. Tragically, Watson died while a member of the women's expedition attempt
ing to scale Annapurna peak in the Himalayas.
Calls for an Electronic Bill of Rights
Politics have always been important to McCarthy, as they were to his parents
. While he has called himself a reactionary because of his rejection of Marx
ism, in many ways his views defy simple categories. In the 1960s he was invo
lved in many political campaigns and projects, such as the Free University i
n Palo Alto, California, but he eventually became disillusioned by the metho
ds of some of the leftist groups with which he worked. Still, he felt that h
is own work on computer technology could benefit democracy by allowing peopl
e easy access to information. The danger of authoritarian control over compu
ter technology led him to propose an extension of the Bill of Rights to cove
r electronic data and communications, an idea that became part of the nation
al debate on computer networks in the 1990s. Specifically, McCarthy called f
or limiting control of public data files and allowing each person the right
to read, correct, and limit access to his or her own files.
In 1971 McCarthy won the prestigious Alan Mathison Turing Award from the Ass
ociation for Computing Machinery, of which he is a member. In addition, he i
s a former president of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence
. He also received the Kyoto Prize in 1988 and the National Medal of Science
in 1990. In 1987 he assumed the Charles M. Pigott chair of the Stanford Uni
versity School of Engineering and became a professor in Stanford's Computer
Science Department and director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Labo
ratory.
McCarthy has argued that making artificially intelligent robots that are mor
e intelligent than human beings is quite possible, since (according to McCar
thy) intelligence is made up of logic and common sense that can be mathemati
cally represented. Despite his optimism in the goal of constructing intellig
ent machines, McCarthy has been one of the most rigorous critics of AI resea
rch. In a survey conducted in the 1970s and reprinted in his collection of e
ssays, Formalizing Common Sense, McCarthy concluded that "artificial intelli
gence research has so far been only moderately successful; its rate of solid
progress is perhaps greater than most social sciences and less than many ph
ysical sciences. This is perhaps to be expected, considering the difficulty
of the problem."
WORKS
Information: A Scientific American Book, W. H. Freeman, 1966.
Formalizing Common Sense: Papers by John McCarthy, edited by Vladimir Lifsch
itz, Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1990.
FURTHER READINGS
Graubard, Stephen R., editor, The Artificial Intelligence Debate: False Star
ts, Real Foundations, MIT Press, 1988.
Hilts, Philip J., Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Scien
ce, Simon & Schuster, 1982.
--
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