Algorithm 版 (精华区)
发信人: Lerry (坐壮:望苗:思汉@贵族 与猫族斗争到底), 信区: Algorithm
标 题: Herbert A. Simon(1975)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年04月26日08:01:20 星期五), 站内信件
Herbert A. Simon
Also known as: Herbert A(lexander) Simon, Herbert Alexander Simon
Born: 1916
Nationality: American
Occupation: computer scientist
Source: Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. Gale Research, 1995.
Table of Contents
Biographical Essay
Further Readings
Works
BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
Generally considered one of the fathers of artificial intelligence--computer
programs capable of complex problem-solving--Herbert A. Simon has made dist
inguished contributions in a number of fields, including computer science, t
he psychology of learning, business administration, political science, econo
mics, and philosophy. Recipient of the 1978 Nobel Prize in economics for his
work on human decision-making, he also, in 1986, became the first person to
receive the National Medal of Science for work in the behavioral sciences.
In addition to his varied professional interests, he also paints and plays t
he piano and enjoys mountain-climbing, traveling, and learning foreign langu
ages.
Simon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on June 15, 1916. His father, Arthur
Simon, was a German-born electrical engineer and his mother, Edna (Merkel)
Simon, was an accomplished pianist. After being skipped ahead three semester
s in the Milwaukee public school system, Simon was just seventeen when he en
rolled in the University of Chicago, where he would earn his B.A. in politic
al science in 1936. As an undergraduate, Simon conducted a study of the admi
nistration of the Milwaukee Recreation Department. This study sparked Simon'
s interest in how administrators make decisions--a topic that would be a foc
al point of his career. In 1937, Simon married Dorothea Isobel Pye, also a g
raduate student in political science at the University of Chicago; they woul
d have three children, Katherine, Peter, and Barbara.
After graduating, Simon was hired by the International City Managers' Associ
ation (ICMA) in Chicago as an assistant to Clarence Ridley, who had been his
instructor in a course on evaluating municipal governments. Ridley and Simo
n became widely recognized experts on mathematical means of measuring the ef
fectiveness of public services. While at the ICMA, Simon had his first exper
ience with computers. As an assistant editor of the Municipal Yearbook, Simo
n started using IBM keypunch, sorting, and tabulating machines to prepare st
atistical tables. His consequent fascination with these machines would play
a major part in his research and his career.
In 1939, Simon moved to the University of California at Berkeley to head a t
hree-year study of local government funded by a grant from the Rockefeller F
oundation. While at Berkeley, Simon completed the requirements for his Ph.D.
from the University of Chicago. His dissertation, on decision-making in org
anizations, later evolved into his first book, Administrative Behavior. In 1
942, Simon joined the faculty of the political science department at the Ill
inois Institute of Technology, where he remained for seven years, becoming d
epartment chair in 1946. Then, in 1949, he was tapped by the Carnegie Instit
ute of Technology (later known as Carnegie-Mellon University) in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, to teach in its new graduate school in business administratio
n. Simon would play a major role in shaping the curriculum, which was design
ed to provide students with the basic tools necessary for independent learni
ng and problem-solving.
Defining the Field of Artificial Intelligence
In his autobiography, Models of My Life, Simon describes 1955 and 1956 as th
e most important years of his scientific career. It was at this time that Si
mon, along with Allen Newell and Clifford Shaw of the RAND Corporation, bega
n using computers to study problem-solving behavior. To do this, they observ
ed individuals as they worked through well-structured problems of logic. Sub
jects verbalized their reasoning as they worked through the problems. Simon
and his colleagues were then able to code this reasoning in the form of a co
mputer program. The program was not subject-matter specific; rather, it focu
sed on the problem-solving process. Together, Simon, Allen, and Shaw develop
ed Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver , the first computer programs t
o simulate human reasoning in solving problems. This work was at the forefro
nt of the newly developing field of artificial intelligence. Simon and J. R.
Hayes later developed the "Understand" program, which was designed to allow
computers to solve even poorly structured problems. The program first worke
d to define the problem, and then focused on the problem's solution. Simon's
work in artificial intelligence would lead to his being named Richard King
Mellon University Professor of Computer Science and Psychology at Carnegie-M
ellon University in 1966.
In 1957, Simon released a second edition of Administrative Behavior. In the
new edition, Simon built on his original contention that because of the comp
lexity of the economy, business decision-makers are unable to obtain all of
the information they need in order to maximize profits. As a result, he had
argued, most companies try to set goals that are acceptable but less than id
eal--a behavior he termed "satisficing." In the second edition, Simon pointe
d out that his findings undermined a basic assumption of classical economic
theory that the decision maker in an organization has access to all of the i
nformation needed to make decisions and will always make rational decisions
that maximize profits. Simon's conclusions met with resistance from many eco
nomists, although those specializing in business operations were more accept
ing.
Research In Decision-Making Earns the Nobel Prize
Simon's distinguished career received significant recognition in the 1960s a
nd 1970s. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and became chai
rman of the Division of Behavioral Sciences for the National Research Counci
l in 1967; the following year, he was appointed to the President's Science A
dvisory Committee. In 1969, Simon received the American Psychological Associ
ation's Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and in 1975, he shared
the Association for Computing Machinery's A. M. Turing Award with his long-
time collaborator Allen Newell. This string of awards and honors culminated
in 1978 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economic science for his rese
arch into the decision-making process within organizations.
In the 1980s, Simon continued to be an active researcher, with his work incl
uding a study of short-term memory with colleagues from China. He continued
his activity with the National Academy of Sciences and published a second vo
lume of Models of Thought in 1989. In 1991, he published his autobiography,
Models of My Life. In the introduction to this book, Simon commented on the
varied academic paths he has chosen: "I have been a scientist, but in many s
ciences. I have explored mazes, but they do not connect into a single maze.
My aspirations do not extend to achieving a single consistency in my life. I
t will be enough if I can play each of my roles creditably, borrowing someti
mes from one for another, but striving to represent fairly each character wh
en he has his turn on stage."
WORKS
Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrat
ive Organization, Macmillan, 1947, third edition, 1976.
Models of Man, Wiley, 1958.
Organizations, Wiley, 1958.
The New Science of Management Decision, Harper, 1960, revised edition, Prent
ice-Hall, 1977.
The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press, 1969, second edition, 1981.
Human Problem Solving, Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Models of Discovery, and Other Topics in the Methods of Science, Reidel, 197
8.
Models of Thought, Yale University Press, 1979.
Models of My Life, Basic Books, 1991.
FURTHER READINGS
Baars, Bernard J., The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology, Guilford, 1986.
Lindzey, Gardner, editor, A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Volume 7
, Freeman, 1980.
McCorduck, Pamela, Machines Who Think, W. H. Freeman, 1979.
McCorduck, Pamela, Business Week, December 5, 1970.
McCorduck, Pamela, Chicago Tribune, October 27, 1986.
McCorduck, Pamela, Newsweek, October 30, 1978.
McCorduck, Pamela, New York Times, November 26, 1978.
McCorduck, Pamela, New York Times Book Review, March 17, 1991, pp. 1, 2829.
McCorduck, Pamela, People, January 15, 1979.
McCorduck, Pamela, Psychology Today, October, 1986.
McCorduck, Pamela, Saturday Evening Post, May 4, 1968.
McCorduck, Pamela, Time, October 30, 1978.
McCorduck, Pamela, Times Literary Supplement, August 22, 1980.
--
当一个女孩儿觉得她不太容易了解那个男人的时候,她会爱他。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 218.7.32.75]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:207.647毫秒