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标 题: John Backus(1977)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年04月26日08:01:46 星期五), 站内信件
John Backus
Born: 1924
Nationality: American
Occupation: computer scientist
Source: Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.
Table of Contents
Biographical Essay
Further Readings
BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
Winner of the 1993 Charles Stark Draper Prize, a prestigious engineering awa
rd, the 1977 Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Turing Award, and t
he 1975 National Medal of Science, John Backus headed a pioneering group of
IBM engineers, who in the 1950s developed FORTRAN, the first widely used pro
gramming language. FORTRAN, which gave programmers the freedom from the tedi
ous task of writing out instructions as strings of 1s and 0s, is the precurs
or of nearly all contemporary computer languages.
Backus was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1924, and grew up in Wilmi
ngton, Delaware. Planning to major in chemical engineering, he enrolled in t
he University of Virginia in 1942, but was thrown out after one semester for
cutting classes. He was drafted into the army in early 1943, where he first
served in an antiaircraft program. From September 1943 until March of 1944
he studied engineering at the University of Pittsburgh as part of the army's
specialized training. This was followed by six months of premedical trainin
g in a hospital in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and an additional six months a
t Flower and Fifth Avenue Medical School in New York City. By May of 1946 Ba
ckus had left behind both the army and his interest in a medical career.
Remaining in New York City he entered the Radio Television Institute, a trai
ning school for radio and television repairmen. It was here that he develope
d an interest in mathematics and began taking courses in math at Columbia Un
iversity. He earned a bachelor of arts degree in 1949, and the following yea
r he received a master's degree, also from Columbia, and also in mathematics
. Upon graduation, he went directly to work for IBM even though he knew very
little about computers. One of the very few programmers in the computer ind
ustry in the early 1950s, Backus soon earned a reputation as a trailblazer i
n the field.
Develops and Promotes the Use of FORTRAN
In 1952 he led the group of IBM researchers who produced the Speedcoding sys
tem for the IBM 701 computer. The following year Backus, while a project man
ager, wrote a memo to his boss, Cuthbert Hurd, outlining the need for a gene
ral-purpose, high-level computer programming language. The programming langu
age was called FORTRAN (an acronym for formula translator) and was designed
to perform mathematical, scientific, and engineering computations on the IBM
704 computer. More importantly, FORTRAN was developed to serve as a transla
tor between the human user and the computer brain, which at that time could
only think in zeroes and ones. In the 1950s computers were somewhat rare and
prohibitively expensive, also, three-quarters of the cost of running a comp
uter was given to debugging and programming; FORTRAN was created to address
these problems.
In an interview in 1978 Backus noted: "In the early 1950s, because of the la
ck of high-level languages, the cost of programming was at least equal to th
at of the equipment, and this held back the development of computers." To ov
ercome this difficulty, Backus and his team of fellow researchers at IBM, pu
rsued the idea of developing languages that were easy to use and efficient t
ranslators. Although the odds against success in developing such a program w
ere great, Backus was able to convince the IBM directors that it was possibl
e. The language proved to be a useful tool for IBM, helpful in promoting its
computers. In addition, FORTRAN, despite being written for one IBM computer
, was quickly adopted to be used with other systems, and continues to be use
d today.
The FORTRAN compiler (a compiler is a computer program designed to translate
high-level language statements into a form that can directly activate the c
omputer hardware), considered to be the forerunner of all modern compilers,
was the first to have the power and scope to perform the complicated computi
ng tasks that had previously been done by handwritten machine-code programs.
With its innovative capabilities, FORTRAN quickly became the most important
innovation in the history of programming languages. People using FORTRAN we
re able to deal with computers without knowing the internal workings of the
machine and its assembly languages.
In 1954 IBM published the first version of the language, FORTRAN I. Although
there were bugs in this original version, by 1955 Backus, in collaboration
with R.A. Nelson and I. Ziller, began work on correcting them. Several chang
es were made in the original language enabling FORTRAN to evolve along lines
that were suggested by the experience gained with its usage. During the lat
e 1950s there were two opposing views on programming languages. A mainly Ame
rican group contended that only specialized languages could meet the needs o
f users; at the same time, a European group of scientists expressed the conc
ern that this view led to too many programming languages. Dr. F. Bauer of th
e University of Munich, Germany, initiated the movement to define a multipur
pose language that would be completely independent of specific computers, an
d in which any algorithm could be clearly stated. Bauer approached the Ameri
can Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) who, in turn, formed a committe
e to cooperate with the Europeans. In the spring of 1958 a meeting was held
in Zurich, Switzerland, and the committee later published a report defining
an International Algebraic Language, later called ALGOL.
Joins International Computer Programming and Design Team
Backus, who was part of the American group that met in Zurich, moved his res
earch to IBM's Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, to beco
me part of the international programming and design team that created ALGOL.
Although ALGOL never gained widespread use commercially, it had an importan
t influence on three other widely used programming languages: Pascal, C, and
Ada. In 1978 Backus, still working on ways to improve computer languages, w
rote a paper suggesting that they should be restructured. "Programming langu
ages appear to be in trouble," he wrote, "conventional languages create unne
cessary confusion in the way we think about programs." By the early 1980s he
had become an IBM Fellow, which enabled him to devote his time to his own r
esearch projects, including advancing mathematical theories of programming.
"The complacent acceptance most of us give to these enormous, weak languages
has puzzled and disturbed me for a long time," he said, "I have tried to an
alyze some of the basic defects of conventional languages and show that thos
e defects cannot be resolved unless we discover a new kind of language frame
work."
Backus has spent the last ten years pursuing his search for a more efficient
programming language. Designed with great care and attention to logic, his
"functional" language is constructed from ones already defined, thereby elim
inating the programmer's need to spell out every instruction in minute detai
l. "Our goal is to produce a functional language ... so that you can run fun
ctional programs on personal computers," he has explained, describing his la
nguage. He retired from IBM in 1991 after 41 years with the company. He live
s in San Francisco where he continues to work on programming research and to
keep an eye on his functional programming language, which is still gaining
in popularity.
FURTHER READINGS
Moreau, R. The Computer Comes of Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984.
Slater, Robert. Portraits in Silicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.
"In the Beginning." Datamation (September 1982): 5152.
Pauly, David, with Gerald C. Lubenow. "IBM's Mavericks in the Lab." Newsweek
(January 10, 1983): 58.
Peterson, Ivars. "Computer Languages: In Search of a Better Bug Finder." Sci
ence News124 (September 24, 1983): 202203.
--
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