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标 题: Dennis Ritchie(1983)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年04月26日08:02:11 星期五), 站内信件
Dennis Ritchie
Also known as: Dennis (MacAlistair) Ritchie, Dennis M. Ritchie, Dennis MacAl
istair Ritchie
Born: 1941
Nationality: American
Occupation: computer scientist
Source: Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists. Gale Research, 1995.
Table of Contents
Biographical Essay
Further Readings
Works
BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
Dennis Ritchie is a computer scientist most well-known for his work with Ken
neth Thompson in creating UNIX, a computer operating system. Ritchie also we
nt on to develop the high-level and enormously popular computer programming
language C . For their work on the UNIX operating system , Ritchie and Thomp
son were awarded the prestigious Turing Award by the Association for Compute
r Machinery (ACM) in 1983.
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was born in Bronxville, New York, on September 9,
1941, and grew up in New Jersey, where his father, Alistair Ritchie, worked
as a switching systems engineer for Bell Laboratories. His mother, Jean McG
ee Ritchie, was a homemaker. Ritchie went to Harvard University, where he re
ceived his B.S. in Physics in 1963. However, a lecture he attended on the op
eration of Harvard's computer system, a Univac I, led him to develop an inte
rest in computing in the early 1960s. Thereafter, Ritchie spent a considerab
le amount of time at the nearby Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
where many scientists were developing computer systems and software. In 196
7 Ritchie began working for Bell Laboratories. Ritchie's job increased his a
ssociation with the programming world, and in the late 1960s he began workin
g with the Computer Science Research Department at Bell. It was here that he
met Kenneth Thompson. Ritchie's lifestyle at Bell was that of a typical com
puter guru: he was devoted to his work. He showed up to his cluttered office
in Murray Hill, New Jersey, around noon every day, worked until seven in th
e evening, and then went home to work some more. His computer system at home
was connected on a dedicated private line to a system at Bell Labs, and he
often worked at home until three in the morning. Even in the early 1990s, af
ter he became a manager at Bell Labs, his work habits did not change substan
tially. "It still tends to be sort of late, but not quite that late," Ritchi
e told Patrick Moore in an interview. "It depends on what meetings and so fo
rth I have."
UNIX: The Operating System that Changed Everything
When Ritchie and Thompson began working for Bell Labs, the company was invol
ved in a major initiative with General Electric and MIT to develop a multi-u
ser, time-sharing operating system called Multics. This system would replace
the old one, which was based on batch programming. In a system based on bat
ch programming, the programmers had no opportunity to interact with the comp
uter system directly. Instead, they would write the program on a deck or bat
ch of cards, which were then input into a mainframe computer by an operator.
In other words, since the system was centered around a mainframe, and cards
were manually fed into machines to relate instructions or generate response
s, the programmers had no contact with the program once it had been activate
d. Multics, or the multiplexed information and computing service, would enab
le several programmers to work on a system simultaneously while the computer
itself would be capable of processing multiple sets of information. Althoug
h programmers from three institutions were working on Multics, Bell Labs dec
ided that the development costs were too high and the possibility of launchi
ng a usable system in the near future too low. Therefore, the company pulled
out of the project. Ritchie and Thompson, who had been working on the Multi
cs project, were suddenly thrown back into the batch programming environment
. In light of the advanced techniques and expertise they had acquired while
working on the Multics project, this was a major setback for them and they f
ound it extremely difficult to adapt.
Thus it was in 1969 that Thompson began working on what would become the UNI
X operating system. Ritchie soon joined the project and together they set ou
t to find a useful alternate to Multics. However, working with a more advanc
ed system was not the only motivation in developing UNIX. A major factor in
their efforts to develop a multi-user, multi-tasking system was the communic
ation and information-sharing it facilitated between programmers. As Ritchie
said in his article titled "The Evolution of the UNIX Time-sharing System,"
"What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do
programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from
experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-ac
cess, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal ins
tead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication."
In 1969 Thompson found a little-used PDP7, an old computer manufactured by t
he Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). To make the PDP7 efficiently run the
computer programs that they created, Ritchie, Thompson, and others began to
develop an operating system. Among other things, an operating system enable
s a user to copy, delete, edit, and print data files; to move data from a di
sk to the screen or to a printer; to manage the movement of data from disk s
torage to memory storage; and so on. Without operating systems, computers ar
e very difficult and time-consuming for experts to run.
It was clear, however, that the PDP7 was too primitive for what Ritchie and
Thompson wanted to do, so they persuaded Bell Labs to purchase a PDP11, a fa
r more advanced computer at the time. To justify their acquisition of the PD
P11 to the management of Bell Labs, Ritchie and Thompson said that they woul
d use the PDP11 to develop a word-processing system for the secretaries in t
he patent department. With the new PDP11, Ritchie and Thompson could refine
their operating system even more. Soon, other departments in Bell Labs began
to find UNIX useful. The system was used and refined within the company for
some time before it was announced to the outside world in 1973 during a sym
posium on Operating Systems Principles hosted by International Business Mach
ines (IBM).
One of the most important characteristics of UNIX was its portability. Makin
g UNIX portable meant that it could be run with relatively few modifications
on different computer systems. Most operating systems are developed around
specific hardware configurations, that is, specific microprocessor chips, me
mory sizes, and input and output devices (e.g., printers, keyboards, screens
, etc.). To transfer an operating system from one hardware environment to an
other--for example, from a microcomputer to a mainframe computer--required s
o many internal changes to the programming that, in effect, the whole operat
ing system had to be rewritten. Ritchie circumvented this problem by rewriti
ng UNIX in such a way that it was largely machine independent. The resulting
portability made UNIX easier to use in a variety of computer and organizati
onal environments, saving time, money, and energy for its users.
Inventing a New Computer Language
To help make UNIX portable, Ritchie created a new programming language, call
ed C, in 1972. C used features of low-level languages or machine languages (
i.e., languages that allow programmers to move bits of data between the comp
onents inside microprocessor chips) and features of high-level languages (i.
e., languages that have more complex data manipulating functions such as loo
ping, branching, and subroutines). High-level languages are easier to learn
than low-level languages because they are closer to everyday English. Howeve
r, because C combined functions of both high- and low-level languages and wa
s very flexible, it was not for beginners. C was very portable because, whil
e it used a relatively small syntax and instruction set, it was also highly
structured and modular. Therefore, it was easy to adapt it to different comp
uters, and programmers could copy preexisting blocks of C functions into the
ir programs. These blocks, which were stored on disks in various libraries a
nd could be accessed by using C programs, allowed programmers to create thei
r own programs without having to reinvent the wheel. Because C had features
of low-level programming languages, it ran very quickly and efficiently comp
ared to other high-level languages, and it took up relatively little compute
r time.
Interestingly, because of federal antitrust regulations, Bell Labs, which is
owned by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), could not copyright C or UN
IX after AT&T was broken up into smaller corporations. Thus, C was used at m
any college and university computing centers, and each year thousands of new
college graduates arrived in the marketplace with a lot of experience with
C. In the mid and late 1980s, C became one of the most popular programming l
anguages in the world. The speed at which C worked made it a valuable tool f
or companies that developed software commercially. C was also popular becaus
e it was written for UNIX, which, by the early 1990s, was shipped out on ove
r $20 billion of new computer systems a year, making it one of the most comm
only used operating systems in the world.
At the end of 1990, Ritchie became the head of the Computing Techniques Rese
arch Department at Bell Labs, contributing applications and managing the dev
elopment of distributed operating systems. He has received several awards fo
r his contributions to computer programming, including the ACM Turing award
in 1983, which he shared with Thompson.
WORKS
The C Programming Language, Prentice Hall, 1988.
Communications of the ACM, The UNIX Time-Sharing System,, Volume 17.7, July,
1974, pp. 365375.
Language Design and Programming Methodology, The Evolution of the UNIX Time-
Sharing System,, edited by Jeffrey M. Tobias, Springer-Verlag, 1980, pp. 253
5.
Communications of the ACM, Reflections on Software Research,, Volume 27.8, A
ugust, 1984, pp. 758760.
FURTHER READINGS
Slater, Robert, Portraits in Silicon, MIT Press, 1987.
Hafner, Katherine, Data Communications, Newsmaker: Dennis Ritchie, November,
1985, pp. 106107.
Rosenblatt, Alfred, Electronics, 1982 Award for Achievement: Dennis M. Ritch
ie and Ken Thompson, October 20, 1982, pp. 108111.
Rosenblatt, Alfred, Electronics, 1982 Award for Achievement: Dennis M. Ritch
ie and Ken Thompson, Ritchie, Dennis M., telephone interviews with Patrick M
oore conducted February 9 and February 14, 1994.
--
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