Database 版 (精华区)
发信人: rhine (风雨无阻), 信区: Database
标 题: Oracle DBA Guide V8 part 3
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2000年07月08日20:27:08 星期六), 站内信件
发信人: chendu (good), 信区: Database
标 题: Oracle DBA Guide V8 part 3
发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Sat Nov 6 18:53:08 1999)
Hi, required by several friends, I am posting the
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide version 8
here. This is part 3.
Web Master, if my post it too long and not good for
the bbs, please delete it and I am sorry for it.
Hoping everyone enjoy it!
Good luck!
PS: please do not ask me question by email me
directly, this will cause some delay. (PPMM can ^_^)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
3
3
Starting Up and Shutting Down
This chapter describes the procedures for starting and stopping an Oracle
database, and includes the following topics:
Startup Procedures
Altering Database Availability
Shutdown Procedures
Using Parameter Files
See Also: Oracle Enterprise Manager Administrator's Guide and Oracle Server
Manager User's Guide, for more information about performing specific tasks
using Enterprise Manager/GUI or Server Manager/LineMode.
Startup Procedures
This section includes the following topics:
Preparing to Start an Instance
Starting an Instance: Scenarios
To start up a database or instance, use either the Enterprise Manager Startup
Database dialog box or the STARTUP command (after you connect to Oracle with
administrator privileges). You can start an instance and database in a
variety of ways:
start the instance without mounting a database
start the instance and mount the database, but leave it closed
start the instance, and mount and open the database in:
unrestricted mode (accessible to all users)
restricted mode (accessible to DBAs only)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Attention:
You cannot start a database instance if you are connected to the database via
a multi-threaded server process.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
In addition, you can force the instance to start, or start the instance and
have complete media recovery begin immediately. If your operating system
supports the Oracle Parallel Server, you may start an instance and mount the
database in either
exclusive or shared mode.
Preparing to Start an Instance
There are several tasks you need to perform before you attempt to start an
instance.
Start Enterprise Manager and connect with administrator privileges.
To start up a database or instance, you must start Enterprise Manager. You
must also be connected with administrator privileges.
Specify a database name.
When starting a database instance, specify the name of the database that will
be mounted to the instance by either:
using the STARTUP command and specifying the database name
specifying DB_NAME in the parameter file that starts the instance
Specify the parameter filename.
When starting a database instance, choose a parameter file to initialize the
instance's settings:
using the Startup Database dialog box and entering a filename in the
Parameter File text entry field
using the STARTUP command with the PFILE option and a fully specified
filename
See Also: The specification of filenames is operating system specific. See
your operating system-specific Oracle documentation. If no filename is
entered, Oracle uses the default filename.
Starting an Instance: Scenarios
The following scenarios describe the many ways in which you can start up an
instance.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Note:
You may encounter problems starting up an instance if control files, database
files, or redo log files are not available. If one or more of the files
specified by the CONTROL_FILES parameter do not exist or cannot be opened
when you attempt to mount a
database, Oracle returns a warning message and does not mount the database.
If one or more of the datafiles or redo log files are not available or cannot
be opened when attempting to open a database, Oracle returns a warning
message and does not open
the database.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Starting an Instance Without Mounting a Database
You might want to start an instance without mounting a database; this is
usually the case only during database creation. To do this, use one of the
following options of Enterprise Manager:
the Startup Database dialog box, selecting the Startup Nomount radio button
the STARTUP command with the NOMOUNT option
Starting an Instance and Mounting a Database
You might want to start an instance and mount a database, but not open the
You might want to start an instance and mount a database, but not open the
database because you want to perform specific maintenance operations. For
example, the database must be mounted but not open during the following
tasks:
renaming datafiles
adding, dropping, or renaming redo log files
enabling and disabling redo log archiving options
performing full database recovery
Start an instance and mount the database, but leave it closed using one of
the following options of Enterprise Manager:
the Startup database dialog box, selecting the Startup Mount radio button
the STARTUP command with the MOUNT option
Starting an Instance, and Mounting and Opening a Database
Normal database operation means that an instance is started and the database
is mounted and open; this allows any valid user to connect to the database
and perform typical data access operations.
Start an instance, and mount and open the database, using one of the
following options of Enterprise Manager:
the Startup Database dialog box, selecting the Startup Open radio button
the STARTUP command with the OPEN option
Restricting Access to a Database at Startup
You might want to start an instance and mount and open a database in
restricted mode so that the database is available only to administrative
personnel (not general database users). Use this mode of database startup
when you need to accomplish one of
the following tasks:
perform structure maintenance, such as rebuilding indexes
perform an export or import of database data
perform a data load (with SQL*Loader)
temporarily prevent typical users from using data
Typically, all users with the CREATE SESSION system privilege can connect to
an open database. Opening a database in restricted mode allows database
access only to users with both the CREATE SESSION and RESTRICTED SESSION
system privilege; only
database administrators should have the RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege.
Start an instance (and, optionally, mount and open the database) in
restricted mode using one of the following options of Enterprise Manager:
the Startup Database dialog box, selecting the Restrict button
the Startup Database dialog box, selecting the Restrict button
the STARTUP command with the RESTRICT option
Later, you can make the database accessible to users who do not have the
RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege.
Forcing an Instance to Start
In unusual circumstances, you might experience problems when attempting to
start a database instance. A database instance should not be forced to start
unless you are faced with the following:
The current instance cannot be successfully shut down using either the Normal
or Immediate radio buttons of the Shutdown Database dialog box (or an
equivalent SHUTDOWN statement).
You experience problems when starting an instance.
If one of these situations arises, you can usually solve the problem by
starting a new instance (and optionally mounting and opening the database)
using either of the following options of Enterprise Manager:
the Startup Database dialog box with the Force button selected
the STARTUP command with the FORCE option
Starting an Instance, Mounting a Database, and Starting Complete Media
Recovery
If you know that media recovery is required, you can start an instance, mount
a database to the instance, and have the recovery process automatically start
by using the STARTUP command with the RECOVER option.
Starting in Exclusive or Parallel Mode
If your Oracle Server allows multiple instances to access a single database
concurrently, you must choose whether to mount the database exclusively or in
parallel.
Starting Up an Instance and Database: Example
The following statement starts an instance using the parameter file
INITSALE.ORA, mounts and opens the database named SALES in exclusive mode,
and restricts access to administrative personnel. The DBA is already
connected with administrator privileges.
STARTUP OPEN sales PFILE=INITSALE.ORA EXCLUSIVE RESTRICT;
Automatic Database Startup at Operating System Start
Many sites use procedures to enable automatic startup of one or more Oracle
instances and databases immediately following a system start. The procedures
for doing this are specific to each operating system.
Starting Remote Instances
If your local Oracle Server is part of a distributed database, you might need
If your local Oracle Server is part of a distributed database, you might need
to start a remote instance and database. Procedures for starting and stopping
remote instances vary widely depending on communication protocol and
operating system.
See Also: For more information about making a database available to
non-privileged users, see "Restricting Access to an Open Database".
For more information about recovering control files, database files and redo
logs, see Oracle8 Backup and Recovery Guide.
For more information about the side effects of aborting the current instance,
see "Aborting an Instance".
For more information about starting up in exclusive or parallel mode, see the
Oracle8 Parallel Server Concepts and Administration manual.
For more information about the restrictions that apply when combining options
of the STARTUP command, see the Oracle8 SQL Reference.
For more information about automatic startup procedure topics, see your
operating system-specific Oracle documentation.
Altering Database Availability
You can make a database partially available by opening a previously mounted
but closed database so that users can connect to and use the database.
The following sections explain how to alter a database's availability:
Mounting a Database to an Instance
Opening a Closed Database
Restricting Access to an Open Database
Mounting a Database to an Instance
When you need to perform specific administrative operations, the database
must be started and mounted to an instance, but closed. This can be
accomplished by starting the instance and mounting the database.
When mounting the database, you can indicate whether to mount the database
exclusively to this instance or concurrently to other instances.
To mount a database to a previously started instance, use either of the
following options:
the Mount menu item of Enterprise Manager
the SQL command ALTER DATABASE with the MOUNT option
Use the following statement when you want to mount a database in exclusive
mode:
ALTER DATABASE MOUNT;
See Also: For a list of operations that require the database to be mounted
and closed, (and procedures to start an instance and mount a database in one
step) see "Starting an Instance and Mounting a Database".
Opening a Closed Database
You can make a mounted but closed database available for general use by
opening the database. To open a mounted database, use either of the following
options:
the Open menu item of Enterprise Manager
the SQL command ALTER DATABASE with the OPEN option
Use the following statement to open a mounted database:
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
After executing this statement, any valid Oracle user with the CREATE SESSION
system privilege can connect to the database.
system privilege can connect to the database.
Restricting Access to an Open Database
Under normal conditions, all users with the CREATE SESSION system privilege
can connect to an instance. However, you can take an instance in and out of
restricted mode. When an instance is in restricted mode, only users who have
both the CREATE SESSION
and RESTRICTED SESSION system privileges can connect to it. Typically, only
administrators have the RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege.
Restricted mode is useful when you need to perform the following tasks:
perform structure maintenance, such as rebuilding indexes
perform an export or import of database data
perform a data load (with SQL*Loader)
temporarily prevent non-administrator users from using data
To place an instance in restricted mode, use the Restrict menu item of
Enterprise Manager or the SQL command ALTER SYSTEM with the ENABLE RESTRICTED
SESSION option. After placing an instance in restricted mode, you might want
to kill all current user
sessions before performing any administrative tasks.
To lift an instance from restricted mode, use the Allow All menu item of
Enterprise Manager or the SQL command ALTER SYSTEM with the DISABLE
RESTRICTED SESSION option.
For more information about starting a database instance, and mounting and
opening the database in restricted mode, see "Restricting Access to a
Database at Startup".
Shutdown Procedures
The following sections describe shutdown procedures:
Shutting Down a Database Under Normal Conditions
Shutting Down a Database Immediately
Shutdown Transactional
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Note:
The SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE statement disconnects all existing idle connections
and shuts down the database. If, however, you've submitted processes (for
example, inserts, selects or updates) that are awaiting results, the SHUTDOWN
IMMEDIATE statement
IMMEDIATE statement
allows the process to complete before disconnecting you.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
To initiate database shutdown, use either the Shutdown Database dialog box of
Enterprise Manager or the SQL command SHUTDOWN. Control is not returned to
the session that initiates a database shutdown until shutdown is complete.
Users who attempt
connections while a shutdown is in progress receive a message like the
following:
ORA-01090: shutdown in progress - connection is not permitted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Attention:
Attention:
You cannot shut down a database if you are connected to the database via a
multi-threaded server process.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
To shut down a database and instance, you must first be connected with
administrator privileges. This condition applies whether you are using
Enterprise Manager/GUI or SQL commands.
Figure 3-1 shows the sequence of events when the different SHUTDOWN commands
are entered during a transfer of funds from one bank account to another.
Figure 3-1 Sequence of Events During Different Types of SHUTDOWN.
Shutting Down a Database Under Normal Conditions
Normal database shutdown proceeds with the following conditions:
No new connections are allowed after the statement is issued.
Before the database is shut down, Oracle waits for all currently connected
users to disconnect from the database.
The next startup of the database will not require any instance recovery
procedures.
To shut down a database in normal situations, use either of the following
options of Enterprise Manager:
the Normal radio button of the Shutdown Database dialog box
the SHUTDOWN command with the NORMAL option (SHUTDOWN NORMAL;)
Shutting Down a Database Immediately
Use immediate database shutdown only in the following situations:
A power shutdown is going to occur soon.
The database or one of its applications is functioning irregularly.
Immediate database shutdown proceeds with the following conditions:
Current client SQL statements being processed by Oracle are terminated
immediately.
Any uncommitted transactions are rolled back. (If long uncommitted
transactions exist, this method of shutdown might not complete quickly,
transactions exist, this method of shutdown might not complete quickly,
despite its name.)
Oracle does not wait for users currently connected to the database to
disconnect; Oracle implicitly rolls back active transactions and disconnects
all connected users.
To shut down a database immediately, use either of the following options of
Enterprise Manager:
the Immediate radio button of the Shutdown database dialog box
the SHUTDOWN command with the IMMEDIATE option
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Note:
The SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE statement disconnects all existing idle connections
and shuts down the database. If, however, you've submitted processes (for
example, inserts, selects or updates) that are awaiting results, the SHUTDOWN
IMMEDIATE statement
allows the process to complete before disconnecting you.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Shutdown Transactional
When you wish to perform a planned shutdown of an instance while minimizing
interruption to clients, you can use the SHUTDOWN command with the
TRANSACTIONAL option:
SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL;
After submitting this statement, no client can start a new transaction on
this particular instance. If a client attempts to start a new transaction,
they are disconnected. After all transactions have either committed or
aborted, any client still
connected to the instance is disconnected. At this point, the instance shuts
down just as it would when a SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE statement is submitted.
A transactional shutdown prevents clients from losing work, and at the same
time, does not require all users to log off.
Aborting an Instance
You can shut down a database instantaneously by aborting the database's
instance. If possible, perform this type of shutdown only when in the
following situations:
The database or one of its applications is functioning irregularly and
neither of the other types of shutdown work.
You need to shut down the database instantaneously (for example, if you know
a power shutdown is going to occur in one minute).
You experience problems when starting a database instance.
Aborting an instance shuts down a database and yields the following results:
Current client SQL statements being processed by Oracle are immediately
terminated.
Uncommitted transactions are not rolled back.
Oracle does not wait for users currently connected to the database to
disconnect; Oracle implicitly disconnects all connected users.
If both the normal and immediate shutdown options do not work, abort the
current database instance immediately by using either of the following
options of Enterprise Manager:
the Abort radio button of the Shutdown Database dialog box
the SHUTDOWN command with the ABORT option
Using Parameter Files
The following sections include information about how to use parameter files:
The Sample Parameter File
The Number of Parameter Files
The Location of the Parameter File in Distributed Environments
To start an instance, Oracle must read a parameter file, which is a text file
containing a list of instance configuration parameters. Often, although not
always, this file is named INIT.ORA or INITsid.ORA, where sid is operating
system specific.
You can edit parameter values in a parameter file with a basic text editor;
however, editing methods are operating system-specific.
Oracle treats string literals defined for National Language Support (NLS)
parameters in the file as if they are in the database character set.
See Also: For more information about INITsid.ORA, see your operating
system-specific Oracle documentation.
The Sample Parameter File
The Sample Parameter File
A sample parameter file (INIT.ORA or INITsid.ORA) is included in the Oracle
distribution set. This sample file's parameters are adequate for initial
installations of an Oracle database. After your system is operating and you
have some experience with
Oracle, you will probably want to change some parameter values.
See Also: For more information about optimizing a database's performance
using the parameter file, see the Oracle8 Tuning manual.
The Number of Parameter Files
Each Oracle database has at least one parameter file that corresponds only to
that database. This way, database-specific parameters (such as DB_NAME and
CONTROL_FILES) in a given file always pertain to a particular database. It is
also possible to have
several different parameter files for a single database. For example, you can
have several different parameter files for a single database so you can
optimize the database's performance in different situations.
The Location of the Parameter File in Distributed Environments
Enterprise Manager must be able to read a database's parameter file to start
a database's instance. Therefore, always store a database's parameter file on
the computer executing Enterprise Manager.
For example, in non-distributed processing installations, the same computer
executes Oracle and Enterprise Manager. This computer already has the
parameter file stored on one of its disk drives.
However, in distributed processing installations, local client workstations
can execute Enterprise Manager to administer a database stored on a remote
machine. In this type of configuration, the local client machines must each
store a copy of the
parameter file for the corresponding databases.
See Also: For more information about using administering Oracle in a
distributed environment, see Oracle8 Distributed Database Systems.
For information concerning the setup and implementation of Enterprise
Manager, see your operating system-specific Oracle documentation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
-----------------------------
--
---------------------------------------------------------------
--
※ 来源:·BBS 水木清华站 bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM: 162.105.41.141]
--
海纳百川,
有容乃大,
壁立千尺,
无欲则刚。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: dip.hit.edu.cn]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:207.030毫秒