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PIXEL DIMENSIONS AND MONITOR RESOLUTION
Regardless of the print size specified for an image, the size of an
image on-screen is determined by the pixel dimensions of the image
and the monitor size and setting. A large monitor
set to 640 by 480 pixels uses larger pixels than a small monitor with
the same setting. In most cases, default Macintosh
monitor settings are designed to display approximately 72 pixels per
inch; default PC monitor settings typically display
96 pixels per inch.
13" Monitor, 640 x 480 setting
21" Monitor, 1024 x 768 setting
15" Monitor, 640 x 480 setting
21" Monitor, 640 x 480 setting
15" Monitor, 832 x 624 setting
Image size: 640 x 480 pixels,
Print size: 288 ppi (2.22" x 1.67")
39
pixels wide x 72 pixels high = 5184). The same
image with a resolution of 300 ppi would contain
a total of 90,000 much smaller pixels.
72-ppi and 300-ppi images; inset zoom 350%
Because they use more pixels to represent each
unit of area, higher-resolution images can usually
reproduce more detail and subtle color transitions
when printed than lower-resolution images. How-ever,
once an image has been scanned or created at
a given resolution, increasing the resolution in
Photoshop will not usually improve the image
quality because in this case, Photoshop must in
effect spread the same pixel information across a
greater number of pixels.
The proper image resolution to use for an image
depends on how you intend to display or distrib-ute
the image. Using too low a resolution for a
printed image results in pixelation—large pixels
that produce very coarse-looking output. Using
too high a resolution (i.e., pixels smaller that what
an output device can reproduce) increases the file
size unnecessarily and may increase the time
required to print or distribute the image. See
“Image resolution and screen frequency” on
page 40 for guidelines on choosing an image reso-lution.
Monitor resolution The pixel setting of the moni-tor
along with the size of the monitor determines
the size (and therefore density) of the monitor pix-els.
When converting printed images to on-screen
images and translating image resolution into pixel
dimensions, it’s useful to know that the default res-olution
of a Macintosh monitor is typically 72 dpi;
the default resolution of a PC monitor is typically
96 dpi.
In Photoshop, image pixels are translated directly
into monitor pixels. This means that when the res-olution
of an image is higher than the monitor res-olution,
the image appears larger on-screen than
its specified dimensions. For example, when you
display a 1-inch-by-1-inch image with a resolution
of 144 ppi on a 72-dpi monitor, it appears in a 2-
inch-by-2-inch area on-screen. Because the moni-tor
can display only 72 pixels per inch, it needs 2
inches to display the 144 pixels that make up one
edge of the image.
Printer resolution If you are preparing images for
print, it’s important to understand that printer
resolution—that is, the number of dots per inch
(dpi) that an imagesetter or laser printer produces
—is usually proportional to, but not the same as,
image resolution—that is, the number of pixels
that make up an image and that determine the size
of the image on-screen. Most laser printers have
output resolutions of 300 to 600 dpi and produce
good results with images from 72 ppi to 150 ppi.
72 ppi 300 ppi
CHAPTER 3 40
Getting Images into Photoshop
IMAGE RESOLUTION AND SCREEN FREQUENCY To ensure good-quality output
when printing with a halftone screen,
you need to choose an image resolution based on the screen frequency
of the printing device. In general, an image resolu-tion
from 1.5 to 2 times the screen frequency gives the best results. For
very coarse screens, an even lower resolution may
produce good results.
133 lpi: High-quality screen
typically used to print four-color
magazines.
85 lpi: With coarse screens, resolutions
at the low end of the range can produce
good results.
177 lpi: With fine screens, only resolutions at
the high end of the range produce good results.
177 lpi: Very fine screen typical-ly
used for annual reports and
images in art books.
85 lpi: Average screen often used
to print newspapers.
65 lpi: Coarse screen common-ly
used to print newsletters
and grocery coupons.
170 ppi (2 x 85 lpi) 128 ppi (1.5 x 85 lpi) 354 ppi (2 x 177 lpi) 266
ppi (1.5 x 177 lpi)41
High-end imagesetters can print at 1200 dpi, 2400
dpi, or higher and produce good results with
images from 200 ppi to 300 ppi.
Screen frequency and image resolution Many com-mercial
and desktop printers use halftone screens,
which consist of printer dots called halftone cells,
to print grayscale images and color separations.
Screen frequency, also known as screen ruling,
refers to the number of halftone cells per inch in a
halftone screen, and is measured in lines per inch
(lpi).
The relationship between image resolution and
screen frequency determines the quality of detail
in the printed image. As a general rule, to produce
a halftone image of the highest quality, use an
image resolution that is 1.5 to 2 times the screen
frequency. In some cases, however, depending on
the image and the output device, using a lower res-olution
produces good results. See “Image resolu-tion
and screen frequency” on page 40 for more
information.
Note: Some imagesetters and 600-dpi laser printers
use screening technologies other than halftoning.
If you are printing the image on a non-halftone
printer, consult your service provider or your printer
documentation for the recommended image
resolutions.
About file size and resolution
The file size of a digital image is measured in kilo-bytes
(K) or megabytes (MB) and is proportional
to the total number of pixels in the image.
Although images with more pixels may produce
more detail at a given size, they also result in larger
file sizes. A 1 inch-by-1-inch 200-ppi image con-tains
four times as many pixels as a 1 inch-by-1-
inch 100-ppi image and so is four times as large.
File size is an important factor in determining the
disk space you need to store a file and the speed
with which you can edit and print a file. Choosing
an image resolution needs to be a compromise
between capturing all the data you need to pro-duce
a good-quality image and keeping file size to
a minimum.
Adobe Photoshop supports maximum pixel
dimensions of 30,000 by 30,000 pixels per image.
For example, if an image is 14 by 14 inches, it can
have a resolution of at most 2142 ppi (30,000 pix-els
/ 14 inches = 2142 ppi).
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