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less of the specific device, such as the monitor,
printer, or computer, that you use to create or out-put
the image.
L*a*b color consists of a luminance, or lightness
component (L) and two chromatic components:
the a component, which ranges from green to red,
and the b component, which ranges from blue to
yellow.
L*a*b model
Lab mode
In Photoshop’s Lab mode (the asterisks are
dropped from the name in Adobe Photoshop), the
lightness component (L) can range from 0 to 100.
The a component (green-red axis) and the b com-ponent
(blue-yellow axis) can range from +120 to
–120.
The Lab mode is used most often when you are
working with Photo CD images or when you want
to edit the luminance and the color values in an
image independently. Lab color is also the recom-mended
color mode for moving images between
systems and for printing to PostScript Level 2
printers. To print Lab images to other color Post-Script
devices, convert the images to CMYK before
printing.
Although you might never use Lab color, this color
model is an integral part of Adobe Photoshop
because it’s the internal color model Photoshop
uses when converting from one color mode to
another.
Bitmap mode
Bitmap mode uses one of two color values (black
or white) to represent the pixels in an image.
Images in Bitmap mode are called bitmapped, or
1-bit, images because they have a pixel depth of 1.
See “About pixel depth” on page 72 for more infor-mation.
Grayscale mode
Grayscale mode uses up to 256 shades of gray to
represent an image. In Adobe Photoshop, every
pixel of a grayscale image has a brightness value
ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). The values
between 0 and 255 correspond to points on the
grayscale spectrum. Grayscale values can also be
measured as percentages of black ink coverage (0%
is equal to white and 100% is equal to black).
Images produced using black-and-white or gray-scale
scanners are typically displayed in Grayscale
mode.
You can convert both Bitmap-mode and color
images to grayscale. Grayscale mode lets you
convert a color image to a high-quality black-and-white
image. In this case, Adobe Photoshop
discards all color information in the original
L=100
White
Black
L=0
+b
Yellow
+a
Red
-a
Green
-b
Blue
69
image; the gray levels (shades) of the converted
pixels represent the luminosity of the original
pixels.
When you convert a grayscale image to an RGB
image, the color values for each pixel are assigned
that pixel’s previous gray value. You can also con-vert
a grayscale image to a CMYK image (for cre-ating
process-color quadtones without converting
to duotone mode) or to a Lab color image.
Indexed color mode
An indexed-color image is based on a palette of at
most 256 colors. When you convert an image to
indexed color, Photoshop builds a color lookup
table, which stores and indexes the colors in the
image. If a color in the original image does not
appear in the table, the program matches the color
to the closest color in the color table or simulates
the color using the available colors.
Indexed color mode is useful when you want to
limit the palette of colors used in an image—for
example, when you want to use the image in a
multimedia animation application or on a Web
page. Using an indexed color table lets you reduce
the file size of an image while maintaining the
visual quality that you need. For more information
on color tables and converting images to indexed
color, see “Converting to indexed color” on
page 76.
Multichannel mode
As you might guess from its name, a multichannel
image is one that contains multiple channels, each
having 256 levels of gray. Multichannel images are
used for specialized printing purposes, such as
printing a grayscale image with spot color or con-verting
a duotone for printing in Scitex CT format.
You can convert any image composed of more
than one channel to a multichannel image. When
you convert to a multichannel image, the original
channels are assigned numbers. When you convert
a color image to multichannel, the individual color
channels are converted to grayscale information
that reflects the color values of the pixels in each
channel. If you delete a channel from an RGB, a
CMYK, or a Lab image, the image is automatically
converted to multichannel mode. See page 71 for
more information on channels.
Note that you cannot export files or print a color
composite from Multichannel mode.
Color gamuts
The gamut of a color system is the range of colors
that can be displayed or printed. The spectrum of
colors that can be viewed by the human eye is
wider than any method of reproducing color.
Among the color models used in Adobe Photo-shop,
Lab has the largest gamut and encompasses
all the colors in the RGB and CMYK gamuts. The
RGB gamut contains the subset of these colors that
can be viewed on the computer or television mon-itor
(which emits red, green, and blue light). Some
colors, such as pure cyan or pure yellow, can’t be
displayed accurately on a monitor. The smallest
gamut is that of the CMYK model, which consists
of colors that can be printed using process-color
inks. When colors that cannot be printed are dis-played
on the screen, they are referred to as out-of-
CHAPTER 4 70
Choosing a Color Display Mode
COLOR MODES In addition to determining the number of colors
that can be displayed in an image, color modes affect the
number of channels and the file size of an image. In general,
increasing the number of colors or channels in an image also
increases the file size.
Bitmap 12K
Bitmapped images are made up of
one bit of color (black or white) per
pixel, and require the least amount
of disk space.
Grayscale 90K
Grayscale images are made up of 8
bits of information per pixel and us
e 256 shades of gray to simulate
gradations in color. You can add
new channels to a Grayscale image.
Duotone 90K
Duotone mode is used for
monotones, duotones, tritones, and
quadtones. These images are
grayscale, single-channel images
with 8 bits per pixel.
Indexed color 90K
Indexed color images are single-channel
images (8 bits per pixel)
that use a color lookup table
containing 256 colors. Limited
editing is available in this mode;
for extensive editing you should
convert temporarily to RGB mode.
RGB color 270K
RGB images use three colors to
reproduce up to 16.7 million colors
on-screen. RGB images are three
channel images, so they contain 24
(8 x 3) bits per pixel.
CYMK color 359K
CMYK images consist of the four
colors used to print color separations.
They are four-channel images,
containing 32 (8 x 4) bits per pixel.
Lab color 270K
Lab images use three components
to represent color. They are three
channel images containing 24 (8 x 3)
bits per pixel.
Multichannel 90K
Multichannel images have 8 bits per pixel, and
are used for specialized printing purposes.
71
gamut colors (that is, they are outside the CMYK
gamut). For information on identifying out-of-gamut
colors, see page 111.
About color channels
Every Adobe Photoshop image contains one or
more channels, which represent information about
the color elements in the image. For example, a
CMYK image has at least four channels: one for
cyan information, one for magenta information,
one for yellow information, and one for black
information. In this sense, a channel is analogous
to a plate in the printing process in which a sepa-rate
plate is used to apply each layer of color. In
addition, extra channels can be added to an image
for storing and editing masks; these additional
channels are sometimes called alpha channels. See
Chapter 10, “Using Channels and Masks” for more
information.
An image can have up to 24 channels. By default,
Bitmap-mode, grayscale, duotone, and indexed-color
images have one channel; RGB and Lab
mode images contain three channels; and CMYK
images contain four channels. You can add chan-
nels to all image types except Bitmap-mode
images. For information on these image types and
other distinctions, see the chart on page 70.
Measuring color values in the
Info palette
You can determine the color values of any part of
your image using the Info palette. Depending on
your Info palette setup, you can select any tool,
position the pointer over any part of an image, and
determine the color value under the pointer. You
can customize the Info palette to express color val-ues
using the HSB, RGB, CMYK, or Lab models or
Grayscale mode without changing the mode of the
image itself. For more information on measuring
color with the Info palette, see “Previewing color
values” on page 109 and “Customizing the Info
palette” on page 26.
Adjusting the monitor display
Although the RGB color model used by computer
monitors is capable of displaying a large portion
of the visible spectrum, the video system that
sends data to a monitor often limits the number
of colors that can be displayed at one time. By
understanding the way color data is measured
in digital files and on-screen, you can adjust
Photoshop’s preferences to offset the limitations
of your video system.
Understanding how color is measured digitally
will also help you when choosing a file format for
your images. For more information, see Chapter
13, “Saving and Exporting Images.”
RGB color gamut
CMYK color gamut
Lab color gamut
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