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·¢ÐÅÈË: killest (victor), ÐÅÇø: Graphics
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These gaps do not indicate a perceptible problem
in the image unless they are large or accompanied
by a low pixel count.
Notice that although both adjustments improved
the contrast in the image, setting the highlights
and shadows to neutral color values also elimi-nated
the color cast, whereas adjusting the Levels
sliders did not affect the color balance.
Image corrected by setting white and black points: color
cast eliminated
Image corrected by moving Levels sliders: color cast
retained
In this example, eliminating the color cast by
assigning target values was useful. However, in
another image—for example, one without neutral
highlights—using the Levels sliders to set the high-
lights and shadows might produce better results
precisely because it does not affect the color bal-ance.
Setting the highlights and shadows
automatically
The Auto Levels command and Auto buttons in
the Levels and Curves dialog boxes perform the
equivalent of the Levels slider adjustment auto-matically:
that is, these features automatically
define the lightest and darkest pixels in each chan-nel
as white and black and then redistribute the
intermediate pixel values proportionately.
In general, the Auto feature gives good results
when a simple contrast adjustment is needed to an
image with an average distribution of pixel values;
however, this feature does not provide the more
precise control that can be achieved by adjusting
the Levels or Curves controls manually.
To set the black and white points automatically:
1 Open the Levels or Curves dialog box, as
described under “Using color adjustment
commands” on page 107, and then click Auto.
By default, the Auto feature clips the white and
black pixels by 0.5%—that is, when identifying the
lightest and darkest pixels in the image, it ignores
the first 0.5% of either extreme. This clipping of
color values ensures that the program bases its
white and black values on truly representative light
and dark pixels rather than on a single extreme
pixel value in the image.
123
To change the amount of white and black values
clipped:
1 Hold down Option (Macintosh) or Alt
(Windows), and click the Auto button in the Levels
or Curves dialog box.
2 In the Auto Range dialog box, enter the
percentage of extreme highlight pixels and
extreme shadow pixels you want the Auto feature
to ignore; then click OK. A value between 0.5%
and 1% is recommended.
Step 4: Adjust the midtones and
fine-tune the tonal correction
Once you have set the highlights and shadows, you
may want to adjust the midtones or otherwise
fine-tune the contrast. Most often, this step is not
necessary with average-key images; setting the
highlights and shadows typically redistributes the
midtone pixel values appropriately. When pixel
values are concentrated on either end of the gray-scale,
however, further adjustments to the mid-tones
are often needed.
In addition, you can use the gray eyedropper but-ton
in the Levels or Curves dialog box to set the
intermediate points along the grayscale and elimi-nate
color casts in the midtones. (See “Setting the
highlights and shadows using target values” on
page 118 for a description of how the eyedropper
buttons work.) For precise control over midtone
adjustments, however, it is recommended that you
adjust the Levels midtone slider or Curves.
Adjusting the Levels sliders
The Levels sliders let you make gradual adjust-ments
to the brightness, contrast, and midtones in
an image. Adjusting the midtones lets you change
the brightness values of the middle range of gray
tones without dramatically altering the shadows
and highlights.
To use the Levels sliders:
1 Open the Levels dialog box (see “Using color
adjustment commands” on page 107).
The Levels dialog box displays a histogram of the
image. (See “Looking at the histogram” on
page 115 for more information.)
2 If you’re working in an image with more
than one color channel, choose the channel (or
channels) you want to adjust from the Channel
menu.
To edit a combination of color channels at the
same time, Shift-select the channels in the Chan-nels
palette before choosing the Levels command.
The Channel menu then displays the abbrevia-tions
for the target channels—for example, CM
when the cyan and magenta channels are selected.
The menu also contains the individual channels
for the selected combination.
For more information on choosing channels, see
“Using the Channels palette” on page 230.
3 Adjust the contrast: Use the Input Levels slider controls directly
below the histogram to increase the contrast in the
image. The black triangle controls the shadows,
the gray triangle controls the midtones, and the
CHAPTER 6 124
Making Color and Tonal Adjustments
white triangle controls the highlights. You can also
enter values directly into the Input Levels text
boxes. Use the Output Levels slider controls at the
bottom of the Levels dialog box to reduce the
contrast in the image. The black triangle controls
the shadows, and the white triangle controls the
highlights. You can also enter the values directly
into the Output Levels text boxes.
For example, suppose your image contains pixels
that cover the entire 0-to-255 scale and you want
to increase the contrast in the image. If you drag
the Input Levels white triangle to 233, pixels with
brightness values of 233 and higher (in each channel
of the image) are mapped to 255, and pixels with
lower brightness values are mapped to corre-sponding
lighter values. This lightens the image
and increases the contrast in the highlight areas.
Original Contrast increased in
highlights
On the other hand, suppose you want to decrease
the contrast of the image. If you drag the Output
Levels white triangle to 220, pixels with brightness
values of 255 are remapped to 220, and pixels with
lower brightness values are mapped to corre-sponding
darker values. This darkens the image
and decreases the contrast in the highlight areas.
Using Curves
Like Levels, Curves lets you adjust the tonal range
of an image. However, instead of making the
adjustments using just three variables (highlights,
shadows, and midtones), you can adjust any point
along the 0–255 scale while keeping up to 15 other
values constant.
Decreases
shadows
Decreases
highlights
Adjusts gamma
or gray levels
Increases
shadows
Increases
highlights
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