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Note that each time you click a thumbnail, all
thumbnails change. The center thumbnail always
reflects the current choices.
Using the Brightness/Contrast
command
Using the Brightness/Contrast command is the
easiest way to make simple adjustments to the
tonal range of the image. Unlike Curves and Lev-els,
this command adjusts all pixel values in the
image—highlights, shadows, and midtones—at
once and so is not recommended for high-end
output. You cannot work in individual channels
with this command.
To use the Brightness/Contrast dialog box:
1 Open the Brightness/Contrast dialog box, as
described under “Using color adjustment
commands” on page 107.
2 Drag the sliders to adjust the brightness and
contrast.
Dragging to the left decreases the level; dragging to
the right increases it. The number at the right of
each slider value displays the brightness or con-trast
value. Values can range from –100 to +100.
3 When you’ve finished making adjustments,
click OK.
Special-purpose color
adjustment tools
The Invert, Equalize, Threshold, and Posterize
commands also change the colors or brightness
values in an image. In most cases, these commands
provide dramatic overall effects that are applied to
the selected layer. These commands are typically
used for color enhancement and for producing
special effects rather than for color correction.
Using the Invert command
The Invert command creates a negative of an
image. You might use this command to make a
positive image negative or to make a positive from
a scanned negative.
When you invert an image, the brightness value of
each pixel in the channels is converted to the
inverse value on the 256-step color-values scale.
For example, a pixel in a positive image with a
value of 255 is changed to 0, and a pixel with a
value of 5 is changed to 250.
139
To invert an image:
Choose Image > Adjust > Invert.
Original image Invert command applied
Using the Equalize command
The Equalize command redistributes the bright-ness
values of the pixels in an image so that they
more evenly represent the entire range of bright-ness
levels. When you choose this command,
Adobe Photoshop finds the brightest and darkest
values in the image and averages all the brightness
values so that the darkest value represents black
(or as close to it as possible) and the brightest value
represents white. Photoshop then attempts to
equalize the brightness—that is, to distribute the
intermediate pixel values evenly throughout the
grayscale.
You might use this command when a scanned
image appears darker than the original and you
want to balance the values to produce a lighter
image. Using the Equalize command together with
the Histogram command lets you see before-and-after
brightness comparisons.
To equalize the brightness values of pixels:
1 Choose Image > Adjust > Equalize.
If you have an area of the image selected, the
Equalize dialog box appears. Select Selected Area Only to equalize only the
pixels in the selection. Select Entire Image Based on Area to equalize
the pixels in the entire image based on the pixels in
the selected area.
2 Click OK to equalize the image or the
selection.
Original image Equalize command applied
Using the Threshold command
Use the Threshold command to convert grayscale
or color images to high-contrast black-and-white
images. This command lets you specify a certain
level as a threshold. All pixels lighter than the
threshold are converted to white. All pixels darker
than the threshold are converted to black.
To use the Threshold command:
1 Open the Threshold dialog box, as described
under “Using color adjustment commands” on
page 107.
CHAPTER 6 140
Making Color and Tonal Adjustments
The Threshold dialog box displays a histogram of
the luminance levels of the pixels in the current
selection.
2 Drag the slider below the histogram until the
threshold level you want appears at the top of the
dialog box. As you drag, the image changes to
reflect the new threshold setting.
Note: On the Macintosh, the Video LUT Animation
option in the Display & Cursors preferences must be
on to preview the Threshold adjustment. See
“Previewing color adjustments” on page 108 for
more information.
Original image Threshold command
applied: 70
Using the Posterize command
The Posterize command lets you specify the num-ber
of tonal levels (or brightness values) for an
image and then maps pixels to the level that is the
closest match. This command is useful for creating
special effects, such as large, flat areas in a photo-graph.
The effects of this command are most evi-dent
when you reduce the number of gray levels in
a grayscale image; however, you can also use this
command to produce some interesting effects in
color images. Posterize can also be useful for
reducing the number of colors in an image you
want to distribute over the Web.
To specify the number of levels in an image:
1 Open the Posterize dialog box, as described
under “Using color adjustment commands” on
page 107.
2 Enter the number of levels you want; then click
OK.
3 When you’ve finished making adjustments,
click OK.
Original image Posterize command
applied: 4 levels of color
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