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Specifying a range for blending layers
The sliders in the Layer Options dialog box define
which pixels are blended by indicating a range of
brightness values for the replacement pixels. These
values determine which pixels in the combined
image come from the active layer and which come
from the underlying visible layers. Color values are
measured on a scale from 0 (black) to 255 (white).
To create a smooth transition between blended
and nonblended areas, you can also define a range
of pixels that are only partially blended.
Only the pixels in the current layer whose color
values fall inside the range specified on the This
Layer slider are blended into the final image. For
example, if you set the This Layer slider to 0 and
235, the pixels in the active layer with values
between 235 and 255 remain unblended and do
not appear in the final image. If the pixels in the
underlying visible layer fall outside the color range
specified by the Underlying slider, they are
retained in the final image. For example, if you set
Underlying to 19 and 255, pixels in the underlying
layers with values between 0 and 19 appear in the
final image. The pixels in the active layer that over-lay
pixels in the underlying layer with values of 0 to
19 remain unblended and do not appear.
To define a range for the blending operation:
1 In the Layer Options dialog box, for Blend If,
select one of the following options: Gray to set the range of values for all pixels in the
image. Any other color to set the range for that color
channel (for example, red, green, or blue values for
RGB images).
2 Use the This Layer and Underlying sliders to set
the color range. Drag the white slider to set the
high value of the range; drag the black slider to set
the low value of the range.
3 To define a range of partially blended pixels,
hold down Option (Macintosh) or Alt (Windows)
and drag one half of a slider triangle. The range of
partially blended pixels is indicated by the two
values that appear above the divided slider.
Filling a new layer with a neutral color
Some Adobe Photoshop effects (such as the Light-ing
Effects filter) cannot be applied to layers that
do not contain pixels. Selecting Fill with Neutral
Color in the New Layer dialog box lets you apply
these effects to empty layers by first filling the layer
with a preset, neutral color. If no effect is applied,
filling with a neutral color has no effect on the
remaining layers. The Fill with Neutral Color
option is unavailable when you create a layer using
the Normal, Dissolve, Hue, Saturation, Color, or
Luminosity modes.
261
You fill a layer with a neutral color when you create
a new layer. For more information, see “Adding
new layers” on page 247
Note: Not all filters produce a visible effect when
applied to a layer filled with a neutral color.
Creating clipping groups
Clipping groups let you define a layer as a mask for
one or more layers above that layer. For example, if
you have a shape on one layer, a texture on the
overlying layer, and some text on the topmost
layer, you can define all three layers as a clipping
group so that the texture and the text appear only
through the shape. In a layer group, the bottom
layer in the group (called the base layer) affects the
mode and opacity of all other layers in the group;
this blending applies only to the layers within the
group. Note that only successive layers can be
included in a clipping group.
In the Layers palette, dotted lines separate the lay-ers
in a clipping group. The base layer in a clipping
group is indicated by its underlined name, and the
thumbnails for the overyling layers are indented.
For more information on working with clipping
groups, see the tutorials on the Adobe Photoshop
Tutorial CD-ROM.
Original Clipping group with map and
Africa layers
To create a clipping group:
1 In the Layers palette, select one of the layers that
you want.
2 Click in the column immediately to the left of
the layers you want to add to the clipping group.
Link icons appear in the column.
CHAPTER 11 262
Using Layers
3 Choose Layer > Group Linked to create a clip-ping
group from the linked layers.
Layers linked and made into clipping group
To add a layer to a clipping group:
1 Do one of the following: Hold down Option (Macintosh) or Alt
(Windows), position the pointer over the solid line
dividing two layers in the Layers palette (the
pointer changes to two overlapping circles), and
click. Select a layer in the Layers palette and choose
Layer > Group with Previous. In the Layers palette, double-click the name of
the layer you want to add to a group. In the Layers
Options dialog box, select Group with Previous
Layer, and then click OK.
The layer is grouped with the layer below it and is
assigned the opacity and mode attributes of the
bottommost layer in the group.
2 Repeat step 1 for each layer that you want to add
to the clipping group.
To remove a layer from a clipping group:
Do one of the following: Hold down Option (Macintosh) or Alt
(Windows), position the pointer over the dotted
line separating two grouped layers in the Layers
palette (the pointer changes to two overlapping
circles), and click. In the Layers palette, select the topmost layer in
the clipping group and choose Layer > Ungroup.
In the Layers palette, double-click the name of
the layer that you want to remove from a group. In
the Layers Options dialog box, deselect Group
with Previous Layer, and then click OK.
To ungroup all layers in a clipping group:
1 In the Layers palette, select any layer in the clip-ping
group excep the topmost layer.
2 Choose Layer > Ungroup.
Using layer masks
A layer mask lets you control how different areas
of a layer are hidden and revealed. By making
changes to the layer mask, you can apply a variety
of special effects to the layer without actually
affecting the pixels on that layer. You can then
apply the mask and make the changes permanent,
or remove the mask without applying the changes.
You can save all layer masks with a layered
document.
In the Layers palette, a layer mask appears as an
additional thumbnail to the right of the layer
thumbnail. Black indicates the portions of the
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