Linux 版 (精华区)
发信人: don (驿路梨花), 信区: Linux
标 题: Slackware Linux Unleashed第六章(之二)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Tue Aug 25 17:01:34 1998), 站内信件
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原著:Ed Treijs 翻译:don 1998.8.24
小弟水平有限还望各位大虾多多指教
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Why You Shouldnt Use the root Login
You will have to use the root login from time to time. Some things
simply cannot be done on the Linux system without logging in as root.
You should not, however,use the root login as your regular login.
This is especially true if you are exploring the system, poking around,
and trying out new commands that may not do what you thought they would
有时你不得不用root登陆.因为有些任务只有root才有权完成.但这都不能成为你经常
用root登陆的理由.特别是你尝试着用一些新命令的时候.!
Linux, as you already know, is a multiuser, multitasking operating system.
Multiuser means that several people can be using Linux at the same
time (of course, you have to add some additional terminals to your system,
or it will get very crowded around the keyboard). Multitasking means that
Linux can do more than one thing at a time. For example, you can spell-check
a document while downloading information from some remote system.
(Multiuser implies multitasking, because all users must be able to do
their own work at the same time.) Linux, therefore, is very good at
juggling all these tasks, keeping them from interfering with each other, and
providing safeguards so that you cannot damage the system or another
user's work
像你所知道的那样,Linux是一个多用户多任务的操作系统.多用户意味着可以有一些
人可以同时使用Linux多任务意味着Linux可以同时做很多事情.例如当你下在文件时
可以检查文档的拼写错误.(多用户意味着多任务,因为人人都在做自己的事情.
.
WARNING: The root login does not restrict you in any way. With one
simple command, issued either on purpose or by accident, you can
destroy your entire Linux installation. For this reason, use the
root login only when necessary. Avoid experimenting with commands
when you do log in as root
注意:当然用root登陆是不备限制的.问题的焦点在于,无论你是有意或是
无意只要一条命令就足以毁掉你的整个Linux系统安装.所以在你用root
登陆时千万避免尝试使用新命令.
When you log in as root, you become the system. The root login is also
sometimes called the superuser login, and with good reason. To use an
analogy, instead of being a passenger on an airplane, you suddenly
have all the privileges of the flight crew, the mechanics, and the
cabin crew. "Hmm, what does this do?" becomes an extremely dangerous
phrase when logged in as root
一但你用root登陆,整个系统就是你的了.以root身份登陆也被善意
的称为超级用户登陆.打个比方:当你在做飞机飞行时,突然你拥有
控制整架飞机,全体飞行人员和所有乘客生死的权力.这意味着什么?
一旦你用root登陆一切将变得极端的危险..
One of the oldest stories in UNIX lore tells of new users who log in
as root and, in 10 keystrokes, destroy their system completely and
irrevocably. But if you're careful to follow the steps given here,
and stop and take a moment to think about the commands you are
giving, none of the "How many new users does it take to nuke a
system?" jokes will apply to you
如果你小心的跟随以下的步骤,并且时常停下来想一想,你所用的命令.
就可以避免这一切的发生.
NOTE: System administrator is another term you will see often.
A system administrator is the actual person who sets up and
maintains the Linux system.The amount of work involved in
system administration varies from system to system. A
full-time system administrator may be required in an office
. for powerful machines that have many users, peripheral units
such as printers and tape drives, and are connected to a
network. Your Linux system will not require that level of
dedication! System administration, because it deals with
sensitive matters such as creating or deleting log-ins,
requires superuser privileges. These privileges are provided
by the root login. So, the sys-tem administrator is an actual
person wielding superuser powers gained by logging in as root
注释:还有一个你将经常见到的词就是----系统管理员.所谓系统管理员就
是建立并维护Linux系统的人.不同的系统的管理员有着不同的责任.一个
专业的系统管理员有可能在一个办公室里,那里有功能强大的计算机,众多
的用户和许多与网络相连的外围设备.例如打印机,磁带机什么的.当然你
的系统并不需要这么多东西.由于系统管理员要做诸如建立用户和删除登陆
等事情,所以它需要超级用户的权利.而这种权力是由用root登陆来提供的.
所以系统管理员是一个以root身份登陆 拥有超级用户权限的人.�
Your First Login 你的第一次登陆
After all the cautions about using the root login, we're going to
have you log in as root. Because root is the only authorized login
on a newly installed Linux system, this is unavoidable. Also, we
will be performing a couple of important procedures that require
root privileges. However, after this first login, we will create
a user ID that can prevent accidental damage to the operating system
谈完了用root登陆的注意事项后.我们将以root的身份登陆.其实这是不可
避免的,在一个新安装的Linux系统中root是唯一合法的用户.并且我们讲完成
两相需要root权限的任务 当然,第一次登陆后,我们将创建一个可以防止对操
作系统产生意外伤害的用户.
At the login prompt
在见到以下登陆提示信息时
darkstar login:
type
键入
root
and press the Enter key. After installation, the root login has no password,
so you are not prompted for one
然后安回车键,在刚安装完系统时,以root登陆是不需要密码的所以你不会被
提示键入密码.
NOTE: Linux is case-sensitive (as are all UNIX versions). A
capital R is, to Linux, a completely different letter from a
lowercase r. When you type Linux commands, you must use the
proper case or Linux will not understand them. The majority
of Linux commands are typed in lowercase. This includes the login
root; if you type Root or rOoT, Linux will reject the login.
There is a curious exception, though. If you type the login
IN ALL CAPITALS, the system will accept it--but from then on,
everything on your screen will be in capital letters! This is
left over from the days when some terminals only had uppercase
letters.Although these terminals are now all gone or in museums,
the login program retains this historical curiosity
注释:Linux是一个敏感的系统(就像所有的UNIX版本一样).它区分大小写,所以
对于系统来讲R和r是两个不同的字母.在使用Linux系统的命令时,要注意区分
大小写,有一个字母不正确Linux就会不明白你的用意.大多数Linux的命令
是小写的.这包括root,如果你在登陆时键入Root或rOot.Linux会拒绝你的登陆.
但如果你键入的字母都是大写的,系统将承认它,不过从这以后你在屏幕上见
到的所有东西都将是大写的.在键盘只有大写字母的年代这很有用,虽然现在
那些机器都已经进入了博物馆,但 login程序还保留着这历史性的古董.
After you have logged in as root, the system starts up a user session
for you. At this point, you should see the following on your screen:
当你以root的身份登陆后,系统将向你汇报一些情况.因此,你应该看到以下的信息.:
darkstar login: root
Last login: Sun Dec 11 17:26:18 on tty1
Linux 2.0.0.
You have mail.
If it's Tuesday, this must be someone else's fortune.
darkstar:~#
Linux tells you when the login for this user was last recorded (although
this information may not appear the very first time you log in), and then
provides you with some version information. Linux also tells you that this
login has a mail message waiting to be read. Finally, if games were
installed on your system, Linux gives you a witty saying or aphorism
Linux告诉你这个用户最后一次登陆的时间(虽然这些信息不会在第一次登陆时出现).
和版本信息.linux还将告诉你这个用户是否有信件等待阅读.最后,如果你装了游戏,
Linux将给你一个至理名言,一句祝福的话.或者一个警告.
It is always good practice to scan the line that starts with Last login,
and check that the time given is correct. This is especially important
if your Linux system is accessed by other users or connected to other
systems. If the time given does not look right, it could be that someone
is using the login to break into your system, or using your username
without your permission
迅速的浏览一下所给的信息,检查一下所给的时间是否正确是一个很好的习惯.
当你的系统有其他的用户,或者与其他的系统连接时这是很重要的.如果时间不对,
则说明有人曾经登陆打断过你的系统的正常工作.
或者有人不经你同意就以你的名义登陆.�.
We will read the mail message later, after taking care of some important
steps. If you are curious, the same mail message is sent by the install
procedure when the operating system is installed. It concerns
registration matters for Linux
我们将在做完几个重要任务后再去读信件,如果你细心的话,当安装系统�
�,安装程序将寄同样的信息给用户它涉及到Linux的注册信息.
Your "fortune" is chosen randomly from a long list, so don't expect to
see the same one shown in the previous example. If you didn't install
the games package duringthe Linux installation routine, you won't see
a fortune. You can install the games package at any time
你的"命运"是随机的,所以你不可能从中得到什么暗示.如果你再装系统时没有
装游戏,那么你就不会看到你的"命运",你可以在任何时候装载你的游戏..
The final line you see on the screen is the system prompt. This tells
you that Linux is waiting for you to type in your commands--it's
prompting you for input. The system prompt also displays the following
useful information:
屏幕上的最后一行信息是提示你Linux在等待你键入命令.系统还显示了以下的重要信息.:
darkstar is the system name.
darkstar 是系统的名字
The ~ character indicates your location in the file system (explained
in Chapter 8, "File System").
~ 这个字母暗示者你在文件系统中的位置(我们将在第八章中学到,"文件系统")
The # character usually specifically indicates that you're logged in
as root (although the $ sign is used in some operating systems,
which makes it difficult to quickly ascertain whether you are
logged in as root or a regular user). According to UNIX conventions,
regular user prompts are either % or $, depending on
the shell; while # is reserved for root. These symbols are called
shell prompts because they are used by the shell to prompt you for
commands
#这个字母经常特别的代表你以root身份登陆(虽然有的系统也用$, 使你很
难区分自己是以root还是以普通的用户身份登陆 . 根据UNIX的惯例,
普通的用户的提示符是&或$(由shell决定)而root的提示符是#.
因为这些提示符是由shell提供的,并且shell用他们来接受命令,
所以叫做shell提示符.
--
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