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发信人: netiscpu (说不如做), 信区: Linux
标 题: [B] Red Hat Linux Unleashed (9)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Sat Jul 25 03:09:36 1998), 转信
Introduction to the GNU Project Utilities
_________________________________________________________________
o GNU Software Currently Available
# acm
# Autoconf
# bash
# bc
# BFD
# Binutils
# Bison
# GNU C Compiler
# GNU C Library
# GNU C++ Library
# Calc
# GNU Chess
# CLISP
# GNU Common Lisp
# cpio
# CVS
# dc
# DejaGnu
# Diffutils
# ecc
# ed
# Elib
# GNU Emacs
# GNU Emacs 19
# es
# Fileutils
# find
# finger
# flex
# Fontutils
# gas
# gawk
# gdb
# gdbm
# Ghostscript
# Ghostview
# gmp
# GNats
# gnuplot
# GnuGo
# gperf
# GNU Graphics
# grep
# groff
# gzip
# hp2xx
# indent
# Ispell
# m4
# make
# mtools
# MULE
# NetHack
# NIH Class Library
# nvi
# Octave
# Oleo
# p2c
# patch
# PCL
# perl
# ptx
# rc
# RCS
# recode
# regex
# Scheme
# screen
# sed
# Shellutils
# GNU Shogi
# Smalltalk
# Superopt
# tar
# Termcap Library
# TeX
# Texinfo
# Textutils
# Tile Forth
# time
# tput
# UUCP
# uuencode/uudecode
# wdiff
o Summary
_________________________________________________________________
9
Introduction to the GNU Project Utilities
The GNU project, administered by the Free Software Foundation (FSF),
seeks to provide software (in the form of source code) that is freely
available to anyone who wants to use it. The project has a lengthy
manifesto that explains the motivation behind this libertarian
undertaking (for which we should all be thankful, since GNU has some
of the best software around!). One of the key ideas within this
manifesto is that high-quality software is an intrinsic human right,
just as the air that we breathe is. Although GNU software is freely
distributed, it is not public domain and is protected by the GNU
General Public License. The main purpose behind the license is to keep
GNU software free.
For more information on the FSF, you can write to them at
Free Software Foundation
675 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
You can also request copies by sending e-mail to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu.
The distribution of Linux on this book's CD-ROM comes with virtually
all of the GNU programs that are currently available. They are
archived using the tar program and compressed using the GNU gzip
utility. gzip tends to compress better than the standard UNIX
compression utility, compress. Files compressed with gzip end with a
.gz suffix, whereas compress files end in .Z. However, gzip can
uncompress compress files as well as its own.
Each of these compressed files has a version number included in its
filename so that you can determine what version is most current. Once
you decompress and un-tar the GNU file, the program can be compiled
and installed on your system. Most of the files come with their own
makefile. Most of the programs are refinements of standard Linux
utilities such as make and bc.
GNU Software Currently Available
So much software, either developed by or made available through the
Free Software Foundation (which develops the GNU products), is
available that each program cannot be described in detail. The
following sections have brief descriptions of the GNU utilities and
programs that are included with this distribution of Linux. They are
summaries based on the descriptions of the programs as supplied by
GNU.
acm
acm is a multiplayer aerial combat game designed for the X Window
system that can be played in a LAN environment. Players engage in
simulated air-to-air combat against one another using missiles and
cannons.
Autoconf
Autoconf generates shell scripts that can automatically configure
source code packages (such as those for GNU). Autoconf creates a
script for a software package from a file which lists the operating
system features that the package can utilize. Autoconf requires GNU m4
to generate the required macro calls for its operation.
bash
The shell called bash is an enhancement of the Bourne shell (thus the
name, which stands for Bourne Again SHell). It offers many of the
extensions found in csh and ksh. The bash shell also has job control,
csh-style command history, and command-line editing with Emacs and vi
modes built in. See Chapter 10, "Using bash."
bc
bc is an algebraic language that can be used interactively from a
shell command line, or with input files. GNU bc has a C-like syntax
with several extensions including multicharacter variable names, an
else statement, and full Boolean expressions. Unlike standard bc, GNU
bc does not require the separate dc program, which is another GNU
calculator utility.
BFD
The (BFD) library allows a program that operates on object files (such
as ld or gdb) to support many different formats efficiently. BFD
provides a portable interface, so that only BFD needs to know the
details of a particular format. One result is that all programs using
BFD will support formats such as a.out (default C executable) and
COFF.
Binutils
Binutils includes a collection of development programs, including ar,
c++filt, gprof, ld, nlmconv, objcopy, objdump, ranlib, size, strings,
and strip.
Binutils Version 2.5.2 is completely rewritten to use the BFD library.
The GNU linker ld emits source-line numbered error messages for
multiply defined symbols and undefined references. nlmconv converts
object files into Novell NetWare Loadable Modules (NLM). The objdump
program can display data such as symbols from any file format
understood by BFD.
Bison
Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator
yacc. Bison takes a description of tokens in the form of a grammar and
generates a parser in the form of a C program.
GNU C Compiler
Version 2.6 of the GNU C Compiler (gcc) supports three languages: C,
C++, and Objective-C. The language selected depends on the source file
suffix or a compiler option. The runtime support required by
Objective-C programs is now distributed with gcc. The GNU C Compiler
is a portable optimizing compiler that supports full ANSI C,
traditional C, and GNU C extensions. GNU C has been extended to
support features such as nested functions and nonlocal goto
statements. Also, gcc can generate object files and debugging
information in a variety of formats. See Chapter 27, "Programming in
C," for more detailed information about C language support.
GNU C Library
The GNU C library supports ANSI C and adds some extensions of its own.
For example, the GNU stdio library lets you define new kinds of
streams and your own printf formats.
GNU C++ Library
The GNU C++ library (libg++) is an extensive collection of C++
classes, a new iostream library for input/output routines, and support
tools for use with g++. Among the classes supported are
multiple-precision integers and rational numbers, complex numbers, and
arbitrary-length strings. There are also prototype files for
generating common container classes.
Calc
Calc is a desk calculator and mathematical tool that is used within
GNU Emacs. Calc can be used as a basic calculator, but it provides
additional features including choice of algebraic or Reverse Polish
Notation (RPN), logarithmic functions, trigonometric and financial
functions, complex numbers, vectors, matrices, dates, times,
infinities, sets, algebraic simplification, differentiation, and
integration.
GNU Chess
GNU Chess pits you against the computer in a full game of chess. It
has regular-terminal, curses (a full-screen interface library for C),
and X-terminal interfaces. GNU Chess implements many specialized
features, including sophisticated heuristics that will challenge your
best Bobby Fischer moves.
CLISP
CLISP is an implementation of Common Lisp, the list-processing
language that is widely used in artificial-intelligence applications.
CLISP includes an interpreter and a byte compiler and has user
interfaces in English and German that can be chosen at compile time.
GNU Common Lisp
GNU Common Lisp (gcl) has a compiler and interpreter for Common Lisp.
It is highly portable, extremely efficient, and has a source-level
LISP debugger for interpreted code. gcl also has profiling tools and
an Xlib interface.
cpio
cpio is a program that copies file archives to and from tape or disk.
It can also be used to copy files into a larger archive file or to
other directories.
CVS
The Concurrent Version System (CVS) manages software revision and
release control in a multideveloper, multidirectory, multigroup
environment. It works in conjunction with RCS, another source code
control program.
dc
dc is an RPN calculator that can be used interactively or with input
files.
DejaGnu
DejaGnu is a framework for writing scripts to test any program. It
includes the embeddable scripting language Tcl and its derivative
expect, which runs scripts that can simulate user input.
Diffutils
The Diffutils package contains the file-comparison programs diff,
diff3, sdiff, and cmp. GNU diff compares files showing line-by-line
changes in several formats and is more efficient than its traditional
version.
ecc
ecc is an error-correction checking program that uses the Reed-Solomon
algorithm. It can correct a total of three byte errors in a block of
255 bytes and can detect more severe errors.
ed
ed is the standard line-based text editor.
Elib
This is a small library of Emacs LISP functions, including routines
for using doubly linked lists.
GNU Emacs
GNU Emacs is the second implementation of this highly popular editor
developed by Richard Stallman. It integrates LISP for writing
extensions and provides an interface to X. In addition to its own
powerful command set, Emacs has extensions that emulate other popular
editors such as vi and EDT (DEC's VMS editor). For more information on
Emacs, please refer to Chapter 16, "Text Editors."
GNU Emacs 19
Emacs 19.30 is a richer version of the Emacs editor with extensive
support for the X Window system. It includes an interface to the X
resource manager, has X toolkit support, has good RCS support, and
includes many updated libraries. Emacs 19 from the FSF works equally
well on character-based terminals as it does under X.
es
es is a shell based on rc that has an exception system and supports
functions that return values other than just numbers. It works well
interactively or in scripts, particularly because its quoting rules
are simpler than the C and Bourne shells.
Fileutils
Fileutils is a GNU collection of standard (and not-so-standard) Linux
file utilities, including chgrp, chmod, chown, cp, dd, df, dir, du,
install, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, mvdir, rm, rmdir, touch,
and vdir.
find
find is a program that can be used both interactively and in shell
scripts to find files given certain criteria and then execute
operations (such as rm) on them. This program includes xargs, which
applies a command to a list of files.
finger
finger displays information about one or more Linux users. GNU finger
supports a single host that can act as the finger server host in sites
that have multiple hosts. This host collects information about who is
logged into other hosts at that site. Thus, a query to any machine at
another site will return complete information about any user at that
site.
flex
flex is a replacement for the lex scanner generator. The flex program
generates more efficient scanners than does lex. The flex program also
has the advantage that it generates C code. Scanners are used to
identify tokens from input.
Fontutils
The Fontutils create fonts for use with Ghostscript or TeX. They also
contain general conversion programs and other utilities. Some of the
programs in Fontutils include bpltobzr, bzrto, charspace, fontconvert,
gsrenderfont, imageto, imgrotate, limn, and xbfe.
gas
gas is the GNU assembler that converts assembly code into object
files. Native assembly works for many systems, including Linux.
gawk
gawk is upwardly compatible with the awk program, which uses
pattern-matching to modify files. It also provides several useful
extensions not found in other awk implementations (awk, nawk), such as
functions to convert the case of a matched string. For more detailed
information, see Chapter 26, "gawk."
gdb
gdb is a debugger with a command-line user interface. Object files and
symbol tables are read using the BFD library, which allows a single
copy of gdb to debug programs of multiple object file formats. Other
new features include command-language improvements, remote debugging
over serial lines or TCP/IP, and watchpoints (breakpoints triggered
when the value of an expression changes). An X version of gdb, called
xxgdb, is also available.
gdbm
The gdbm library is the GNU replacement for the traditional dbm and
ndbm database libraries. It implements a database using lookup by hash
tables.
Ghostscript
Ghostscript is GNU's PostScript-compatible graphics language. It
accepts commands in PostScript and executes them by writing directly
to a printer, drawing in an X window, or writing to a file that you
can print later (or to a bitmap file that you can edit with other
graphics programs).
Ghostscript includes a graphics library that can be called from C.
This allows client programs to use Ghostscript's features without
having to know the PostScript language. For more information, consult
Chapter 25, "Ghostscript."
Ghostview
Ghostview is as an X-based previewer for multipage files that are
interpreted by Ghostscript.
gmp
GNU mp (gmp) is an extensive library for arbitrary precision
arithmetic on signed integers and rational numbers.
GNats
GNats: GNU's A Tracking System is a problem-reporting system. It uses
the model of a central site or organization that receives problem
reports and administers their resolution by electronic mail. Although
it is used primarily as a software bug-tracking system, it could also
be used for handling system-administration issues, project management,
and a variety of other applications.
gnuplot
gnuplot is an interactive program for plotting mathematical
expressions and data. It handles both curves (two-dimensional) and
surfaces (three-dimensional).
GnuGo
GnuGo plays the game of Go (also known as Wei-Chi).
gperf
gperf is a utility to generate "perfect" hash tables. There are
implementations of gperf for C and C++ that generate hash functions
for both languages.
GNU Graphics
GNU Graphics is a set of programs that produces plots from ASCII or
binary data. It supports output to PostScript and the X Window system,
has shell scripts examples using graph and plot, and features a
statistics toolkit.
grep
This package contains GNU grep, egrep, and fgrep. These utilities,
which search files for regular expressions, execute much faster than
do their traditional counterparts.
groff
groff is a document-formatting system that includes drivers for
PostScript, TeX dvi format, as well as implementations of eqn, nroff,
pic, refer, tbl, troff, and the man, ms, and mm macros. Written in
C++, these programs can be compiled with GNU C++ Version 2.5 or later.
gzip
gzip can expand LZW-compressed files but uses a different algorithm
for compression that generally produces better results than the
traditional compress program. It also uncompresses files compressed
with the pack program.
hp2xx
GNU hp2xx reads HPGL files, decomposes all drawing commands into
elementary vectors, and converts them into a variety of vector
(including encapsulated PostScript, Metafont, and various special
TeX-related formats, and simplified HPGL) and raster output formats
(including PBM, PCX, and HP-PCL).
indent
GNU indent formats C source code according to the GNU coding standards
but, optionally, can also use the BSD default, K&R, and other formats.
It is also possible to define your own format. indent can handle C++
comments.
Ispell
Ispell is an interactive spell checker that suggests other words with
similar spelling as replacements for unrecognized words. Ispell can
use system and personal dictionaries, and standalone and GNU Emacs
interfaces are also available.
m4
GNU m4 is an implementation of the traditional macroprocessor for C.
It has some extensions for handling more than nine positional
parameters to macros, including files, running shell commands, and
performing arithmetic.
make
GNU make adds extensions to the traditional program that is used to
manage dependencies between related files. GNU extensions include long
options, parallel compilation, flexible implicit pattern rules,
conditional execution, and powerful-text manipulation functions.
Recent versions have improved error reporting and added support for
the popular += syntax to append more text to a variable's definition.
For further information about make, please see Chapter 51, "Source
Code Control."
mtools
mtools is a set of public-domain programs that allow Linux systems to
read, write, and manipulate files on an MS-DOS file system (usually a
diskette).
MULE
MULE is a MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs 18. It can handle many
character sets at once including Japanese, Chinese, Korean,
Vietnamese, Thai, Greek, the ISO Latin-1 through Latin-5 character
sets, Ukrainian, Russian, and other Cyrillic alphabets. A text buffer
in MULE can contain a mixture of characters from these languages. To
input any of these characters, you can use various input methods
provided by MULE itself.
NetHack
NetHack is a display-oriented adventure game that supports both ASCII
and X displays.
NIH Class Library
The NIH Class Library is a portable collection of C++ classes, similar
to those in Smalltalk-80, that has been developed by Keith Gorlen of
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) using the C++ programming
language.
nvi
nvi is a free implementation of the vi text editor. It has
enhancements over vi including split screens with multiple buffers,
the capability to handle 8-bit data, infinite file and line lengths,
tag stacks, infinite undo, and extended regular expressions.
Octave
Octave is a high-level language that is primarily intended for
numerical computations. It provides a convenient command-line
interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically.
Octave does arithmetic for real and complex scalars and matrices,
solves sets of nonlinear algebraic equations, integrates functions
over finite and infinite intervals, and integrates systems of ordinary
differential and differential-algebraic equations.
Oleo
Oleo is a spreadsheet program that supports X displays and
character-based terminals. It can output encapsulated PostScript
renditions of spreadsheets and uses Emacs-like configurable
keybindings. Under X and in PostScript output, Oleo supports
variable-width fonts.
p2c
p2c translates from Pascal code to C. It recognizes many Pascal
variants including Turbo, HP, VAX, and ISO, and produces entirely
usable C source code.
patch
patch is a program that takes the output from diff and applies the
resulting differences to the original file in order to generate the
modified version. It would be useful for developing a source code
control system, if one were so inclined.
PCL
PCL is a free implementation of a large subset of CLOS, the Common
Lisp Object System. It runs under CLISP, mentioned earlier.
perl
perl is a programming language developed by Larry Wall that combines
the features and capabilities of sed, awk, shell programming, and C,
as well as interfaces to system calls and many C library routines. It
has become wildly popular for sophisticated applications that are not
dependent on complex data structures. A "perl" mode for editing perl
code comes with GNU Emacs 19.
ptx
GNU ptx is the GNU version of the traditional permuted index
generator. It can handle multiple input files at once, produce
TeX-compatible output, and produce readable KWIC (KeyWords In Context)
indexes without needing to use the nroff program.
rc
rc is a shell that features C-like syntax (even more so than csh) and
better quoting rules than the C and Bourne shells. It can be used
interactively or in scripts.
RCS
The Revision Control System (RCS) is used for version control and
management of software projects. When used with GNU diff, RCS can
handle binary files such as executables and object files. For more
information on RCS, please refer to Chapter 51.
recode
GNU recode converts files between character sets and usages. When
exact transformations are not possible, it may get rid of any
offending characters or revert to approximations. This program
recognizes or produces nearly 150 different character sets and is able
to transform files between almost any pair.
regex
regex is the GNU regular expression library whose routines have been
used within many GNU programs. Now it is finally available by itself.
A faster version of this library comes with the sed editor.
Scheme
Scheme is a language that is related to LISP. The chief difference is
that Scheme can pass functions as arguments to another function, it
can return a function as the result of a function call, and functions
can be the value of an expression without being defined under a
particular name.
screen
screen is a terminal multiplexer that runs several separate "screens"
(ttys) on a single physical character-based terminal. Each virtual
terminal emulates a DEC VT100 plus additional functions. screen
sessions can be idled and resumed later on a different terminal type.
sed
sed is a non-interactive, stream-oriented version of ed. It is used
frequently in shell scripts and is extremely useful for applying
repetitive edits to a collection of files or to create conversion
programs. GNU sed comes with the rx library, which is a faster version
of regex.
Shellutils
Shellutils can be used interactively or in shell scripts and includes
the following programs: basename, date, dirname, echo, env, expr,
false, groups, id, nice, nohup, printenv, printf, sleep, stty, su,
tee, test, true, tty, uname, who, whoami, and yes.
GNU Shogi
Shogi is a Japanese game similar to chess, with the exception that
captured pieces can be returned to play. GNU Shogi is based on the
implementation of GNU Chess: it implements the same features and uses
similar heuristics. As a new feature, sequences of partial board
patterns can be introduced in order to help the program play a good
order of moves toward specific opening patterns. There are both
character- and X-display interfaces.
Smalltalk
GNU Smalltalk is an interpreted object-oriented programming language
system written in C. Smalltalk itself has become extremely popular
among programmers recently and tends to be regarded as a "pure"
object-oriented implementation language.
The features of GNU Smalltalk include a binary image save capability,
the ability to invoke user-written C code and pass parameters to it, a
GNU Emacs editing mode, a version of the X protocol that can be called
from within Smalltalk, and automatically loaded per-user
initialization files. It implements all of the classes and protocol in
Smalltalk-80, except for the graphic user interface (GUI) related
classes.
Superopt
Superopt is a function sequence generator that uses a repetitive
generate-and-test approach to find the shortest instruction sequence
for a given function. The interface is simple: you provide the GNU
superoptimizer, gso, a function, a CPU to generate code for, and how
many instructions you can accept.
tar
GNU tar is a file-archiving program that includes multivolume support,
automatic archive compression/decompression, remote archives, and
special features that allow tar to be used for incremental and full
backups.
Termcap Library
The GNU Termcap library is a replacement for the libtermcap.a library.
It does not place an arbitrary limit on the size of Termcap entries,
unlike most other Termcap libraries.
TeX
TeX is a document-formatting system that handles complicated
typesetting, including mathematics. It is GNU's standard text
formatter. For more information on TeX, please refer to Chapter 19,
"TeX."
Texinfo
Texinfo is a set of utilities that generates both printed manuals and
online hypertext-style documentation (called "Info"). There are also
programs for reading online Info documents. Version 3 has both GNU
Emacs LISP and standalone programs written in C or shell script. The
texinfo mode for GNU Emacs enables easy editing and updating of
Texinfo files. Programs provided include makeinfo, info, texi2dvi,
texindex, tex2patch, and fixfonts.
Textutils
The Textutils programs manipulate textual data and include the
following traditional programs: cat, cksum, comm, csplit, cut, expand,
fold, head, join, nl, od, paste, pr, sort, split, sum, tac, tail, tr,
unexpand, uniq, and wc.
Tile Forth
Tile Forth is a 32-bit implementation of the Forth-83 standard written
in C. Traditionally, Forth implementations are written in assembler to
use the underlying hardware as optimally as possible, but this also
makes them less portable.
time
time is used to report statistics (usually from a shell) about the
amount of user, system, and real time used by a process.
tput
tput is a portable way for shell scripts to use special terminal
capabilities. GNU tput uses the Termcap database, instead of Terminfo
as many others do.
UUCP
This version of UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX copy) supports the f, g, v (in all
window and packet sizes), G, t, e, Zmodem, and two new bidirectional
(i and j) protocols. If you have a Berkeley sockets library, it can
make TCP connections. If you have TLI libraries, it can make TLI
connections.
uuencode/uudecode
uuencode and uudecode are used to transmit binary files over
transmission media that support only simple ASCII data.
wdiff
wdiff is another interface to the GNU diff program. It compares two
files, finding which words have been deleted or added to the first in
order to create the second. It has many output formats and interacts
well with terminals and programs such as more. wdiff is especially
useful when two texts differ only by a few words and paragraphs have
been refilled.
Summary
The GNU project provides UNIX-like software freely to everyone, with
the provision that it remains free if distributed to others. GNU
software can be compiled for many different types of systems,
including Linux. Many GNU utilities are improvements of existing UNIX
counterparts and include many new implementations of shells, the C
compiler, and a code debugger. In fact, most Linux distributions make
extensive use of GNU utilities. Other types of GNU software include
games, text editors, calculators, and communication utilities. Each
utility can be separately uncompressed, un-tarred, and compiled
itself.
--
Enjoy Linux!
-----It's FREE!-----
※ 修改:．netiscpu 于 Jul 25 03:45:02 修改本文．[FROM: mtlab.hit.edu.cn]
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