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发信人: netiscpu (说不如做), 信区: Linux
标 题: [B] Red Hat Linux Unleashed (44)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Sat Jul 25 05:02:35 1998), 转信
Installing Mail and News
_________________________________________________________________
o Mail
# Mail Transport Agents
# smail
# sendmail
# Local Delivery Agents
# Mail User Agents
o News
# News Transport Software
# InterNetNews (INN)
# Newsreaders
o Summary
_________________________________________________________________
44
Installing Mail and News
If you have access to other machines through a local area network or
through the Internet, you will probably want to install the mail and
news software. Both offer a lot of interaction with other users and
add a whole new dimension to your Linux system.
To handle electronic mail, most systems rely on UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX
Copy). Setting up UUCP is covered in many different online guides and
documents, as well as in most UNIX books. You can exchange e-mail with
other users, or with the world at large, by connecting to an Internet
service provider such as UUNET Technologies.
Reading Usenet newsgroups is a little more complicated, because you
have to download the news yourself (100MB per day!) or connect to a
site that offers news—a news server. Linux includes the software
to connect you, although most users will find it easier to use an
online service such as CompuServe or Delphi for news access.
In this chapter we look at the following:
* The types of mail software you can use
* Simple UUCP-based configuration of e-mail systems
* Setting your machine to access Usenet newsgroups
Mail
If you installed Linux from a CD-ROM (such as the Red Hat distribution
included with this book), one of the installation options was to
install the e-mail systems. Some Linux distributions give you a choice
of mail packages, whereas others default to one particular type.
During the installation, most Linux setup procedures will install the
software properly except for some configuration information about the
network. With this kind of installation, there is little you have to
do with the mail system except add your host name and configure UUCP
(if you are using it to connect to other systems to transfer Mail).
Mail software for most UNIX systems (including Linux) has two
components: a transport and a mailer. The transport is the low-level
software that takes care of delivering the mail, both locally and
across other machines. Users never work with the transport, although
system administrators must configure it and understand the basic
principles. The mailer is the user interface that presents mail to the
user and accepts new mail. Many mailers are available.
Mail Transport Agents
Transport agents are the underlying software that connects your local
machine to remote systems. Several transport agents are available with
Linux, but the most commonly used are called smail (for send mail) and
sendmail. You can find sendmail on the CD that accompanies this book.
The smail and sendmail programs are ideally suited for sites that rely
on UUCP for mail (either between other machines or to an Internet
service provider), and they can be used with some SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) sites. smail and sendmail are usually provided as
an executable binary form with most Linux distributions, although only
one of the transport agents is usually supplied.
The configuration changes needed to set up smail or sendmail on your
Linux system depend on the type of connection you have to the outside
world.
smail
If you are running a UUCP-based mail system and you use a remote
system for all processing to other sites (usually used with local area
networks that employ a communications server), the changes to your
system configuration files are minimal.
The changes occur in the files /usr/local/lib/smail/config and
/usr/local/lib/smail/paths. Look for the lines that have to do with
hostname and subdomain names and perform the following changes:
* Replace subdomain.domain with your machine's domain name.
* Replace myhostname with your "undomainized" hostname.
* Replace my_uucp_neighbor with the UUCP name of your upstream site.
For example, the following extract shows the settings for a machine
called vader that attached to the machine deathstar in the domain
starwars.com, first for the file /usr/local/lib/smail/config:
#/usr/local/lib/smail/config
# domains we belong to
visible_domain=deathstar.starwars:uucp
# who we're known as (fully-qualified-site-name)
visible_name=vader.starwars
# who we go through
smart_path=deathstar
The changes for /usr/local/lib/smail/paths are the machine name only:
#/usr/local/lib/smail/paths
# we're a domainized site, make sure we accept mail to both names
vader %s
vader.starwars.com %s
If you want to run the smail program as an SMTP daemon, you must add
the following line to the file /etc/inetd.conf (or whatever the
equivalent file is called in your distribution):
smtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/bin/smtpd smtpd
When this is added, any outgoing mail gets sent automatically when
using a mailer like elm.
sendmail
The sendmail program is quite popular with small Linux installations.
It is included with the Red Hat distribution of Linux.
To configure sendmail, change to the /etc directory and edit the
sendmail.cf file. This file has enough information to help you
determine which lines to replace with your system values. Usually you
will edit the hostname, aliases, and smarthost settings.
Local Delivery Agents
Unlike most UNIX versions, Linux does not have a mail-delivery package
built in. Mail-delivery packages send the received mail to the proper
user. One of the most widely used is called deliver.
In most cases, you don't have to do anything to install and configure
deliver. When you installed the mail software using the Linux
installation routine, the necessary software was installed and
configured properly.
Mail User Agents
Mail user agents are the mailreaders you use to see your e-mail. Many
newsreaders are available. Your choice of mailreaders is more a
personal preference than a feature-based decision.
elm is probably the most widely used mailreader with Linux. It uses
the configuration file /usr/ lib/elm.rc to provide basic information
about the machine name and its connections. You should edit the elm.rc
file to replace the names with proper values.
Another popular mailreader is mailx, which has been available for UNIX
systems for many years. Versions of mailx are available for Linux on
many archive sites. Make sure you get version 5.3b or higher because
there are security problems in version 5.3a.
Other interesting and popular mailreaders are pine and metamail, both
of which are freely available from Linux archive sites and user
groups.
News
Usenet is a service provided over the Internet. It's composed of more
than 14,000 newsgroups on every subject imaginable. If you want to set
your system to download the entire day's news, you must dedicate a lot
of money to hardware and telephone lines. Such a connection is beyond
the scope of most users.
However, accessing newsgroups from another machine that downloads them
is quite easy, using software provided with Linux.
There are two parts to the News software: the server and the client.
The server is the software that controls the newsgroups and handles
delivering articles to other machines. The client or newsreader
software is the user interface.
You do not have to hook up to the Internet to use News. You can run
News locally (on your own machine for all the users) or across a small
network. In this case, you don't have to worry about connecting to the
Internet's Usenet newsfeed, which generally is expensive and very
time-consuming.
News Transport Software
News transport software, as its name implies, carries the news to your
system and its newsreaders and helps your users post news to Usenet.
Two main news transport software packages are used with Linux: Cnews
and INN. The two should not be mixed. Use one or the other, or major
hassles will result!
If you plan to use News locally only, much of the configuration
required for connecting to the Internet or other newsfeed can be
ignored. News normally is stored in the directory /usr/spool/news, so
all the news transport and client software should be set to point to
this location.
The most popular news transport software is Cnews, which has been
available for almost a decade. Cnews runs on many different machines,
and many people understand it very well, providing technical resources
should you need them. Cnews is designed primarily for capturing news
over a UUCP connection and a standard telephone modem, so it requires
additional software to provide access to the Internet. This additional
software is called NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol). NNTP isn't
necessary for local news support.
Installing Cnews is straightforward, as long as you follow the
directions in the accompanying documentation files. Configuration
involves editing several files, which usually reside in /usr/
lib/news. The files of primary interest are as follows:
* active: The active file
* batchparms: Batch parameters
* explist: Article expiration
* mailname: Header names for mailed replies
* mailpaths: Path to mail moderated postings
* organization: Your company name
* sys: Controls what you take and feed
* whoami: Your hostname
Most of Cnews is configured with shell scripts or utility programs
(such as addgroup to change the active file and addfeed to change
newsfeed information). Again, check the documentation for complete
information.
To download news automatically, cron makes an excellent choice. A
sample cron entry for the Cnews newsfeed is
20 * * * * /usenet/sw/news/bin/input/newsrun
0 * * * * /usenet/sw/news/bin/batch/sendbatches feedsite
59 0 * * * /usenet/sw/news/bin/expire/doexpire
10 5 * * * /usenet/sw/news/bin/newsdaily
00 5 * * * /usenet/sw/new/bin/newswatch
This sample does things every hour, which is fine for a large site but
considerable overkill for a small network or single machine where you
might want to connect only once a day. Modify the files as necessary
to meet your requirement.
InterNetNews (INN)
INN is newer than Cnews but is faster and has NNTP built in, making it
easier to use for direct newsfeeds. Unfortunately, it is a little
harder to install and configure than Cnews. INN uses a daemon
(sometimes two) that runs continually, whereas Cnews is invoked by the
user (or cron). Novices to Linux should probably stick with Cnews at
the beginning until they gain more experience.
Installation is a little more complex than with Cnews, but following
the documentation helps. INN is very particular about its file
permissions, so make sure you set them properly. Configuration is a
matter of making sure all of the site information is correct. Once
correctly installed and configured, though, INN requires virtually no
maintenance.
Newsreaders
Many newsreaders are available for Linux. A newsreader presents the
messages in a newsgroup and lets you step through them or reply to
them, as well as create new messages. Some of the most popular
newsreaders are tin, trn, and rtin.
Choosing a newsreader is essentially a personal choice. Experiment
with several and stay with the one you find easiest to work with and
that offers the features you need. They all have some slight twist
that gives you different methods of looking at news or moving through
newsgroups.
Summary
Both e-mail and news extend the Linux system to be a full-featured
UNIX implementation, and make your machine part of a much larger
network. Even if you are using your Linux machine only for yourself
and have no interest in connecting to the outside world, e-mail is
simple and easy to install, configure, and use. Once you've used
e-mail, you'll probably never go back to the paper-based kind!
If you have several users on your Linux system or plan to connect to a
network, News is a great way to get discussions and information
flowing amongst the users. On top of that, News is just plain fun!
--
Enjoy Linux!
-----It's FREE!-----
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