Linux °æ (¾«»ªÇø)
·¢ÐÅÈË: netiscpu (˵²»Èç×ö), ÐÅÇø: Linux
±ê Ìâ: [B] ÇáÇáËÉËÉÕÆÎÕ Linux (27)
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: ×Ï ¶¡ Ïã (Sat Jul 25 14:34:40 1998), תÐÅ
±¾ÎÄת×Ôhttp://linuxclub.mnf.nu (ÉϺ£Linux ClubÖ÷Ò³)
C ÓïÑÔ±à³Ì
ÔÖø: Rick McMullin
Ç°ÑÔ
±¾ÎÄÒë×Ô¡¶Slackware/RedHat Linux Unleashed¡·(µÚÈý°æ) Ò»ÊéµÄµÚ27ÕÂ:
Programming in C. ¹ØÓÚ±¾ÒëÎÄÓÐÈκεĻ°ÇëÓëÎÒÁªÏµ:
mailto:con@nease.net.
LinuxµÄ·¢ÐаæÖаüº¬Á˺ܶàÈí¼þ¿ª·¢¹¤¾ß. ËüÃÇÖеĺܶàÊÇÓÃÓÚ C ºÍ
C++Ó¦ÓóÌÐò¿ª·¢µÄ. ±¾ÎĽéÉÜÁËÔÚ Linux ÏÂÄÜÓÃÓÚ C
Ó¦ÓóÌÐò¿ª·¢ºÍµ÷ÊԵŤ¾ß. ±¾ÎĵÄÖ÷Ö¼ÊǽéÉÜÈçºÎÔÚ Linux ÏÂʹÓà C
±àÒëÆ÷ºÍÆäËû C ±à³Ì¹¤¾ß, ¶ø·Ç C ÓïÑÔ±à³ÌµÄ½Ì³Ì.
ÔÚ±¾ÎÄÖÐÄ㽫ѧµ½ÒÔÏÂ֪ʶ:
* ʲôÊÇ C
* GNU C ±àÒëÆ÷
* Óà gdb À´µ÷ÊÔGCCÓ¦ÓóÌÐò
ÄãÒ²ÄÜ¿´µ½Ëæ Linux ·¢ÐеÄÆäËûÓÐÓÃµÄ C ±à³Ì¹¤¾ß.
ÕâЩ¹¤¾ß°üÀ¨Ô´³ÌÐòÃÀ»¯³ÌÐò(pretty print programs), ¸½¼ÓµÄµ÷ÊÔ¹¤¾ß,
º¯ÊýÀàÐÍ×Ô¶¯Éú³É¹¤¾ß(automatic function prototypers).
__________________________________________________________
×¢Òâ: Ô´³ÌÐòÃÀ»¯³ÌÐò(pretty print
programs)×Ô¶¯°ïÄã¸ñʽ»¯Ô´´úÂë²úÉúʼÖÕÈçÒ»µÄËõ½ø¸ñʽ.
__________________________________________________________
ʲôÊÇ C?
C ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÔÚ UNIX ²Ù×÷ϵͳµÄÔçÆھͱ»¹ã·ºÊ¹ÓõÄͨÓñà³ÌÓïÑÔ.
Ëü×îÔçÊÇÓɱ´¶ûʵÑéÊÒµÄ Dennis Ritchie ΪÁË UNIX µÄ¸¨Öú¿ª·¢¶øдµÄ,
¿ªÊ¼Ê± UNIX ÊÇÓûã±àÓïÑÔºÍÒ»ÖֽРB µÄÓïÑÔ±àдµÄ. ´ÓÄÇʱºòÆð, C
¾Í³ÉΪÊÀ½çÉÏʹÓÃ×î¹ã·º¼ÆËã»úÓïÑÔ.
C ÄÜÔÚ±à³ÌÁìÓòÀïµÃµ½Èç´Ë¹ã·ºÖ§³ÖµÄÔÒòÓÐÒÔÏÂһЩ:
* ËüÊÇÒ»Öַdz£Í¨ÓõÄÓïÑÔ.
¼¸ºõÄãËùÄÜÏëµ½µÄÈκÎÒ»ÖÖ¼ÆËã»úÉ϶¼ÓÐÖÁÉÙÒ»ÖÖÄÜÓÃµÄ C ±àÒëÆ÷.
²¢ÇÒËüµÄÓï·¨ºÍº¯Êý¿âÔÚ²»Í¬µÄƽ̨É϶¼ÊÇͳһµÄ,
Õâ¸öÌØÐÔ¶Ô¿ª·¢ÕßÀ´ËµºÜÓÐÎüÒýÁ¦.
* Óà C дµÄ³ÌÐòÖ´ÐÐËٶȺܿì.
* C ÊÇËùÓа汾µÄUNIXÉϵÄϵͳÓïÑÔ.
C ÔÚ¹ýÈ¥µÄ¶þÊ®ÄêÖÐÓÐÁ˺ܴóµÄ·¢Õ¹. ÔÚ80Äê´úÄ©ÆÚÃÀ¹ú¹ú¼Ò±ê׼лá
(American National Standards Institute)·¢²¼ÁËÒ»¸ö±»³ÆΪ ANSI C µÄ C
ÓïÑÔ±ê×¼.Õâ¸ü¼Ó±£Ö¤Á˽«À´ÔÚ²»Í¬Æ½Ì¨É쵀 C µÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔ.
ÔÚ80Äê´ú»¹³öÏÖÁËÒ»ÖÖ C µÄÃæÏò¶ÔÏóµÄÀ©Õ¹³ÆΪ C++. C++ ½«ÔÚÁíһƪÎÄÕÂ
"C++ ±à³Ì"ÖÐÃèÊö.
Linux ÉÏ¿ÉÓÃµÄ C ±àÒëÆ÷ÊÇ GNU C ±àÒëÆ÷,
Ëü½¨Á¢ÔÚ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»áµÄ±à³ÌÐí¿ÉÖ¤µÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ, Òò´Ë¿ÉÒÔ×ÔÓÉ·¢²¼. ÄãÄÜÔÚ
Linux µÄ·¢ÐйâÅÌÉÏÕÒµ½Ëü.
GNU C ±àÒëÆ÷
Ëæ Slackware Linux ·¢ÐÐµÄ GNU C ±àÒëÆ÷(GCC)ÊÇÒ»¸öÈ«¹¦ÄÜµÄ ANSI C
¼æÈݱàÒëÆ÷. Èç¹ûÄãÊìϤÆäËû²Ù×÷ϵͳ»òÓ²¼þƽ̨ÉϵÄÒ»ÖÖ C ±àÒëÆ÷,
Ä㽫ÄܺܿìµØÕÆÎÕ GCC. ±¾½Ú½«½éÉÜÈçºÎʹÓà GCC ºÍһЩ GCC
±àÒëÆ÷×î³£ÓõÄÑ¡Ïî.
ʹÓà GCC
ͨ³£ºó¸úһЩѡÏîºÍÎļþÃûÀ´Ê¹Óà GCC ±àÒëÆ÷. gcc ÃüÁîµÄ»ù±¾Ó÷¨ÈçÏÂ:
gcc [options] [filenames]
ÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡ÏîÖ¸¶¨µÄ²Ù×÷½«ÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÿ¸ö¸ø³öµÄÎļþÉÏÖ´ÐÐ.
ÏÂһС½Ú½«ÐðÊöһЩÄã»á×î³£Óõ½µÄÑ¡Ïî.
GCC Ñ¡Ïî
GCC Óг¬¹ý100¸öµÄ±àÒëÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÓÃ.
ÕâЩѡÏîÖеÄÐí¶àÄã¿ÉÄÜÓÀÔ¶¶¼²»»áÓõ½, µ«Ò»Ð©Ö÷ÒªµÄÑ¡Ï»áƵ·±Óõ½.
ºÜ¶àµÄ GCC Ñ¡Ïî°üÀ¨Ò»¸öÒÔÉϵÄ×Ö·û.
Òò´ËÄã±ØÐëΪÿ¸öÑ¡ÏîÖ¸¶¨¸÷×ÔµÄÁ¬×Ö·û, ²¢ÇÒ¾ÍÏó´ó¶àÊý Linux
ÃüÁîÒ»ÑùÄã²»ÄÜÔÚÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄÁ¬×Ö·ûºó¸úÒ»×éÑ¡Ïî. ÀýÈç,
ÏÂÃæµÄÁ½¸öÃüÁîÊDz»Í¬µÄ:
gcc -p -g test.c
gcc -pg test.c
µÚÒ»ÌõÃüÁî¸æËß GCC ±àÒë test.c ʱΪ prof
ÃüÁÁ¢ÆÊÎö(profile)ÐÅÏ¢²¢ÇҰѵ÷ÊÔÐÅÏ¢¼ÓÈëµ½¿ÉÖ´ÐеÄÎļþÀï.
µÚ¶þÌõÃüÁîÖ»¸æËß GCC Ϊ gprof ÃüÁÁ¢ÆÊÎöÐÅÏ¢.
µ±Äã²»ÓÃÈκÎÑ¡Ïî±àÒëÒ»¸ö³ÌÐòʱ, GCC ½«»á½¨Á¢(¼Ù¶¨±àÒë³É¹¦)Ò»¸öÃûΪ
a.out µÄ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ. ÀýÈç, ÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁÔÚµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï²úÉúÒ»¸ö½Ð a.out
µÄÎļþ:
gcc test.c
ÄãÄÜÓà -o ±àÒëÑ¡ÏîÀ´Îª½«²úÉúµÄ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþÖ¸¶¨Ò»¸öÎļþÃûÀ´´úÌæ
a.out. ÀýÈç, ½«Ò»¸ö½Ð count.c µÄ C ³ÌÐò±àÒëΪÃû½Ð count µÄ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ,
Ä㽫ÊäÈëÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁî:
gcc -o count count.c
__________________________________________________________
×¢Òâ: µ±ÄãʹÓà -o Ñ¡Ïîʱ, -o ºóÃæ±ØÐë¸úÒ»¸öÎļþÃû.
__________________________________________________________
GCC ͬÑùÓÐÖ¸¶¨±àÒëÆ÷´¦Àí¶àÉٵıàÒëÑ¡Ïî. -c Ñ¡Ïî¸æËß GCC
½ö°ÑÔ´´úÂë±àÒëΪĿ±ê´úÂë¶øÌø¹ý»ã±àºÍÁ¬½ÓµÄ²½Öè.
Õâ¸öÑ¡ÏîʹÓõķdz£Æµ·±ÒòΪËüʹµÃ±àÒë¶à¸ö C
³ÌÐòʱËٶȸü¿ì²¢ÇÒ¸üÒ×ÓÚ¹ÜÀí. ȱʡʱ GCC ½¨Á¢µÄÄ¿±ê´úÂëÎļþÓÐÒ»¸ö .o
µÄÀ©Õ¹Ãû.
-S ±àÒëÑ¡Ïî¸æËß GCC ÔÚΪ C ´úÂë²úÉúÁË»ã±àÓïÑÔÎļþºóÍ£Ö¹±àÒë. GCC
²úÉúµÄ»ã±àÓïÑÔÎļþµÄȱʡÀ©Õ¹ÃûÊÇ .s . -E
Ñ¡Ïîָʾ±àÒëÆ÷½ö¶ÔÊäÈëÎļþ½øÐÐÔ¤´¦Àí. µ±Õâ¸öÑ¡ÏʹÓÃʱ,
Ô¤´¦ÀíÆ÷µÄÊä³ö±»Ë͵½±ê×¼Êä³ö¶ø²»ÊÇ´¢´æÔÚÎļþÀï.
ÓÅ »¯ Ñ¡ Ïî
µ±ÄãÓà GCC ±àÒë C ´úÂëʱ,
Ëü»áÊÔ×ÅÓÃ×îÉÙµÄʱ¼äÍê³É±àÒë²¢ÇÒʹ±àÒëºóµÄ´úÂëÒ×ÓÚµ÷ÊÔ.
Ò×ÓÚµ÷ÊÔÒâζ×űàÒëºóµÄ´úÂëÓëÔ´´úÂëÓÐͬÑùµÄÖ´ÐдÎÐò, ±àÒëºóµÄ´úÂëûÓо
¹ýÓÅ»¯. ÓкܶàÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÓÃÓÚ¸æËß GCC
ÔںķѸü¶à±àÒëʱ¼äºÍÎþÉüÒ×µ÷ÊÔÐԵĻù´¡ÉϲúÉú¸üС¸ü¿ìµÄ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ.
ÕâЩѡÏîÖÐ×îµäÐ͵ÄÊÇ-O ºÍ -O2 Ñ¡Ïî.
-O Ñ¡Ïî¸æËß GCC ¶ÔÔ´´úÂë½øÐлù±¾ÓÅ»¯.
ÕâЩÓÅ»¯ÔÚ´ó¶àÊýÇé¿ö϶¼»áʹ³ÌÐòÖ´Ðеĸü¿ì. -O2 Ñ¡Ïî¸æËß GCC
²úÉú¾¡¿ÉÄÜСºÍ¾¡¿ÉÄÜ¿ìµÄ´úÂë. -O2 Ñ¡Ïʹ±àÒëµÄËٶȱÈʹÓà -O ʱÂý.
µ«Í¨³£²úÉúµÄ´úÂëÖ´ÐÐËٶȻá¸ü¿ì.
³ýÁË -O ºÍ -O2 ÓÅ»¯Ñ¡ÏîÍâ, »¹ÓÐһЩµÍ¼¶Ñ¡ÏîÓÃÓÚ²úÉú¸ü¿ìµÄ´úÂë.
ÕâЩѡÏî·Ç³£µÄÌØÊâ,
¶øÇÒ×îºÃÖ»Óе±ÄãÍêÈ«Àí½âÕâЩѡÏ»á¶Ô±àÒëºóµÄ´úÂë²úÉúʲôÑùµÄЧ¹ûʱÔÙ
ȥʹÓÃ. ÕâЩѡÏîµÄÏêϸÃèÊö, Çë²Î¿¼ GCC µÄÖ¸ÄÏÒ³, ÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉϼüÈë man
gcc .
µ÷ÊÔºÍÆÊÎöÑ¡Ïî
GCC Ö§³ÖÊýÖÖµ÷ÊÔºÍÆÊÎöÑ¡Ïî. ÔÚÕâЩѡÏîÀïÄã»á×î³£Óõ½µÄÊÇ -g ºÍ -pg
Ñ¡Ïî.
-g Ñ¡Ïî¸æËß GCC ²úÉúÄܱ» GNU µ÷ÊÔÆ÷ʹÓõĵ÷ÊÔÐÅÏ¢ÒÔ±ãµ÷ÊÔÄãµÄ³ÌÐò.
GCC ÌṩÁËÒ»¸öºÜ¶àÆäËû C ±àÒëÆ÷ÀïûÓеÄÌØÐÔ, ÔÚ GCC ÀïÄãÄÜʹ -g ºÍ -O
(²úÉúÓÅ»¯´úÂë)ÁªÓÃ.
ÕâÒ»µã·Ç³£ÓÐÓÃÒòΪÄãÄÜÔÚÓë×îÖÕ²úÆ·¾¡¿ÉÄÜÏà½üµÄÇé¿öϵ÷ÊÔÄãµÄ´úÂë.
ÔÚÄãͬʱʹÓÃÕâÁ½¸öÑ¡ÏîʱÄã±ØÐëÇå³þÄãËùдµÄijЩ´úÂëÒѾÔÚÓÅ»¯Ê±±» GCC
×÷Á˸Ķ¯. ¹ØÓÚµ÷ÊÔ C ³ÌÐòµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë¿´ÏÂÒ»½Ú"Óà gdb µ÷ÊÔ C ³ÌÐò" .
-pg Ñ¡Ïî¸æËß GCC ÔÚÄãµÄ³ÌÐòÀï¼ÓÈë¶îÍâµÄ´úÂë, Ö´ÐÐʱ, ²úÉú gprof
ÓõÄÆÊÎöÐÅÏ¢ÒÔÏÔʾÄãµÄ³ÌÐòµÄºÄʱÇé¿ö. ¹ØÓÚ gprof µÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼
"gprof" Ò»½Ú.
Óà gdb µ÷ÊÔ GCC ³ÌÐò
Linux °üº¬ÁËÒ»¸ö½Ð gdb µÄ GNU µ÷ÊÔ³ÌÐò. gdb ÊÇÒ»¸öÓÃÀ´µ÷ÊÔ C ºÍ
C++ ³ÌÐòµÄÇ¿Á¦µ÷ÊÔÆ÷.
ËüʹÄãÄÜÔÚ³ÌÐòÔËÐÐʱ¹Û²ì³ÌÐòµÄÄÚ²¿½á¹¹ºÍÄÚ´æµÄʹÓÃÇé¿ö. ÒÔÏÂÊÇ gdb
ËùÌṩµÄһЩ¹¦ÄÜ:
* ËüʹÄãÄܼàÊÓÄã³ÌÐòÖбäÁ¿µÄÖµ.
* ËüʹÄãÄÜÉèÖöϵãÒÔʹ³ÌÐòÔÚÖ¸¶¨µÄ´úÂëÐÐÉÏÍ£Ö¹Ö´ÐÐ.
* ËüʹÄãÄÜÒ»ÐÐÐеÄÖ´ÐÐÄãµÄ´úÂë.
ÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉϼüÈë gdb ²¢°´»Ø³µ¼ü¾Í¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐ gdb ÁË, Èç¹ûÒ»ÇÐÕý³£µÄ»°,
gdb ½«±»Æô¶¯²¢ÇÒÄ㽫ÔÚÆÁÄ»ÉÏ¿´µ½ÀàËƵÄÄÚÈÝ:
GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it
under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details.
GDB 4.14 (i486-slakware-linux), Copyright 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(gdb)
µ±ÄãÆô¶¯ gdb ºó, ÄãÄÜÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÖ¸¶¨ºÜ¶àµÄÑ¡Ïî.
ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÒÔÏÂÃæµÄ·½Ê½À´ÔËÐÐ gdb :
gdb <fname>
µ±ÄãÓÃÕâÖÖ·½Ê½ÔËÐÐ gdb , ÄãÄÜÖ±½ÓÖ¸¶¨ÏëÒªµ÷ÊԵijÌÐò. Õ⽫¸æËßgdb
×°ÈëÃûΪ fname µÄ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ. ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓà gdb
È¥¼ì²éÒ»¸öÒò³ÌÐòÒì³£ÖÕÖ¹¶ø²úÉúµÄ core Îļþ,
»òÕßÓëÒ»¸öÕýÔÚÔËÐеijÌÐòÏàÁ¬. Äã¿ÉÒԲο¼ gdb Ö¸ÄÏÒ³»òÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉϼüÈë
gdb -h µÃµ½Ò»¸öÓйØÕâЩѡÏîµÄ˵Ã÷µÄ¼òµ¥Áбí.
Ϊµ÷ÊÔ±àÒë´úÂë(Compiling Code for Debugging)
ΪÁËʹ gdb Õý³£¹¤×÷, Äã±ØÐëʹÄãµÄ³ÌÐòÔÚ±àÒëʱ°üº¬µ÷ÊÔÐÅÏ¢.
µ÷ÊÔÐÅÏ¢°üº¬Äã³ÌÐòÀïµÄÿ¸ö±äÁ¿µÄÀàÐͺÍÔÚ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþÀïµÄµØÖ·Ó³ÉäÒÔ¼°Ô´´ú
ÂëµÄÐкÅ. gdb ÀûÓÃÕâЩÐÅϢʹԴ´úÂëºÍ»úÆ÷ÂëÏà¹ØÁª.
ÔÚ±àÒëʱÓà -g Ñ¡Ïî´ò¿ªµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïî.
gdb »ù±¾ÃüÁî
gdb Ö§³ÖºÜ¶àµÄÃüÁîʹÄãÄÜʵÏÖ²»Í¬µÄ¹¦ÄÜ.
ÕâЩÃüÁî´Ó¼òµ¥µÄÎļþ×°Èëµ½ÔÊÐíÄã¼ì²éËùµ÷ÓõĶÑÕ»ÄÚÈݵĸ´ÔÓÃüÁî,
±í27.1ÁгöÁËÄãÔÚÓà gdb µ÷ÊÔʱ»áÓõ½µÄһЩÃüÁî. ÏëÁ˽â gdb
µÄÏêϸʹÓÃÇë²Î¿¼ gdb µÄÖ¸ÄÏÒ³.
±í 27.1. »ù±¾ gdb ÃüÁî.
Ãü Áî Ãè Êö
file ×°ÈëÏëÒªµ÷ÊԵĿÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ.
kill ÖÕÖ¹ÕýÔÚµ÷ÊԵijÌÐò.
list Áгö²úÉúÖ´ÐÐÎļþµÄÔ´´úÂëµÄÒ»²¿·Ö.
next Ö´ÐÐÒ»ÐÐÔ´´úÂ뵫²»½øÈ뺯ÊýÄÚ²¿.
step Ö´ÐÐÒ»ÐÐÔ´´úÂë¶øÇÒ½øÈ뺯ÊýÄÚ²¿.
run Ö´Ðе±Ç°±»µ÷ÊԵijÌÐò
quit ÖÕÖ¹ gdb
watch ʹÄãÄܼàÊÓÒ»¸ö±äÁ¿µÄÖµ¶ø²»¹ÜËüºÎʱ±»¸Ä±ä.
break ÔÚ´úÂëÀïÉèÖöϵã, Õ⽫ʹ³ÌÐòÖ´Ðе½ÕâÀïʱ±»¹ÒÆð.
make ʹÄãÄܲ»Í˳ö gdb ¾Í¿ÉÒÔÖØвúÉú¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ.
shell ʹÄãÄܲ»À뿪 gdb ¾ÍÖ´ÐÐ UNIX shell ÃüÁî.
gdb Ö§³ÖºÜ¶àÓë UNIX shell ³ÌÐòÒ»ÑùµÄÃüÁî±à¼ÌØÕ÷. ÄãÄÜÏóÔÚ bash »ò
tcshÀïÄÇÑù°´ Tab ¼üÈà gdb °ïÄã²¹ÆëÒ»¸öΨһµÄÃüÁî, Èç¹û²»Î¨Ò»µÄ»° gdb
»áÁгöËùÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÃüÁî. ÄãÒ²ÄÜÓùâ±ê¼üÉÏÏ·ÀúÊ·ÃüÁî.
gdb Ó¦ÓþÙÀý
±¾½ÚÓÃÒ»¸öʵÀý½ÌÄãÒ»²½²½µÄÓà gdb µ÷ÊÔ³ÌÐò. ±»µ÷ÊԵijÌÐòÏ൱µÄ¼òµ¥,
µ«ËüչʾÁË gdb µÄµäÐÍÓ¦ÓÃ.
ÏÂÃæÁгöÁ˽«±»µ÷ÊԵijÌÐò. Õâ¸ö³ÌÐò±»³ÆΪ greeting ,
ËüÏÔʾһ¸ö¼òµ¥µÄÎʺò, ÔÙÓ÷´Ðò½«ËüÁгö.
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
char my_string[] = "hello there";
my_print (my_string);
my_print2 (my_string);
}
void my_print (char *string)
{
printf ("The string is %s\n", string);
}
void my_print2 (char *string)
{
char *string2;
int size, i;
size = strlen (string);
string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
string2[size - i] = string[i];
string2[size+1] = `\0';
printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
}
ÓÃÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁî±àÒëËü:
gcc -o test test.c
Õâ¸ö³ÌÐòÖ´ÐÐʱÏÔʾÈçϽá¹û:
The string is hello there
The string printed backward is
Êä³öµÄµÚÒ»ÐÐÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ, µ«µÚ¶þÐдòÓ¡³öµÄ¶«Î÷²¢²»ÊÇÎÒÃÇËùÆÚÍûµÄ.
ÎÒÃÇËùÉèÏëµÄÊä³öÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ:
The string printed backward is ereht olleh
ÓÉÓÚijЩÔÒò, my_print2 º¯ÊýûÓÐÕý³£¹¤×÷. ÈÃÎÒÃÇÓà gdb
¿´¿´ÎÊÌ⾿¾¹³öÔÚÄĶù, ÏȼüÈëÈçÏÂÃüÁî:
gdb greeting
__________________________________________________________
×¢Òâ: ¼ÇµÃÔÚ±àÒë greeting ³ÌÐòʱ°Ñµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïî´ò¿ª.
__________________________________________________________
Èç¹ûÄãÔÚÊäÈëÃüÁîʱÍüÁË°ÑÒªµ÷ÊԵijÌÐò×÷Ϊ²ÎÊý´«¸ø gdb , Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ
gdb Ìáʾ·ûÏÂÓà file ÃüÁîÀ´ÔØÈëËü:
(gdb) file greeting
Õâ¸öÃüÁÔØÈë greeting ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ¾ÍÏóÄãÔÚ gdb ÃüÁîÐÐÀï×°ÈëËüÒ»Ñù.
ÕâʱÄãÄÜÓà gdb µÄ run ÃüÁîÀ´ÔËÐÐ greeting ÁË. µ±ËüÔÚ gdb
Àï±»ÔËÐкó½á¹û´óÔ¼»áÏóÕâÑù:
(gdb) run
Starting program: /root/greeting
The string is hello there
The string printed backward is
Program exited with code 041
Õâ¸öÊä³öºÍÔÚ gdb ÍâÃæÔËÐеĽá¹ûÒ»Ñù. ÎÊÌâÊÇ,
Ϊʲô·´Ðò´òӡûÓй¤×÷? ΪÁËÕÒ³öÖ¢½áËùÔÚ, ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÔÚ my_print2 º¯ÊýµÄ
for Óï¾äºóÉèÒ»¸ö¶Ïµã, ¾ßÌåµÄ×ö·¨ÊÇÔÚ gdb Ìáʾ·ûϼüÈë list ÃüÁîÈý´Î,
ÁгöÔ´´úÂë:
(gdb) list
(gdb) list
(gdb) list
__________________________________________________________
¼¼ÇÉ: ÔÚ gdb Ìáʾ·ûÏ°´»Ø³µ½¡½«Öظ´ÉÏÒ»¸öÃüÁî.
__________________________________________________________
µÚÒ»´Î¼üÈë list ÃüÁîµÄÊä³öÈçÏÂ:
1 #include <stdio.h>
2
3 main ()
4 {
5 char my_string[] = "hello there";
6
7 my_print (my_string);
8 my_print2 (my_string);
9 }
10
Èç¹û°´Ï»سµ, gdb ½«ÔÙÖ´ÐÐÒ»´Î list ÃüÁî, ¸ø³öÏÂÁÐÊä³ö:
11 my_print (char *string)
12 {
13 printf ("The string is %s\n", string);
14 }
15
16 my_print2 (char *string)
17 {
18 char *string2;
19 int size, i;
20
ÔÙ°´Ò»´Î»Ø³µ½«Áгö greeting ³ÌÐòµÄÊ£Óಿ·Ö:
21 size = strlen (string);
22 string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
23 for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
24 string2[size - i] = string[i];
25 string2[size+1] = `\0';
26 printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
27 }
¸ù¾ÝÁгöµÄÔ´³ÌÐò, ÄãÄÜ¿´µ½ÒªÉè¶ÏµãµÄµØ·½ÔÚµÚ24ÐÐ, ÔÚ gdb
ÃüÁîÐÐÌáʾ·ûϼüÈëÈçÏÂÃüÁîÉèÖöϵã:
(gdb) break 24
gdb ½«×÷³öÈçϵÄÏìÓ¦:
Breakpoint 1 at 0x139: file greeting.c, line 24
(gdb)
ÏÖÔÚÔÙ¼üÈë run ÃüÁî, ½«²úÉúÈçϵÄÊä³ö:
Starting program: /root/greeting
The string is hello there
Breakpoint 1, my_print2 (string = 0xbfffdc4 "hello there") at greeting.c :24
24 string2[size-i]=string[i]
ÄãÄÜͨ¹ýÉèÖÃÒ»¸ö¹Û²ì string2[size - i]
±äÁ¿µÄÖµµÄ¹Û²ìµãÀ´¿´³ö´íÎóÊÇÔõÑù²úÉúµÄ, ×ö·¨ÊǼüÈë:
(gdb) watch string2[size - i]
gdb ½«×÷³öÈçÏ»ØÓ¦:
Watchpoint 2: string2[size - i]
ÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔÓà next ÃüÁîÀ´Ò»²½²½µÄÖ´ÐÐ for Ñ»·ÁË:
(gdb) next
¾¹ýµÚÒ»´ÎÑ»·ºó, gdb ¸æËßÎÒÃÇ string2[size - i] µÄÖµÊÇ `h`. gdb
ÓÃÈçϵÄÏÔʾÀ´¸æËßÄãÕâ¸öÐÅÏ¢:
Watchpoint 2, string2[size - i]
Old value = 0 `\000'
New value = 104 `h'
my_print2(string = 0xbfffdc4 "hello there") at greeting.c:23
23 for (i=0; i<size; i++)
Õâ¸öÖµÕýÊÇÆÚÍûµÄ. ºóÀ´µÄÊý´ÎÑ»·µÄ½á¹û¶¼ÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ. µ± i=10 ʱ,
±í´ïʽ string2[size - i] µÄÖµµÈÓÚ `e`, size - i µÄÖµµÈÓÚ 1,
×îºóÒ»¸ö×Ö·ûÒÑ´«µ½Ð´®ÀïÁË.
Èç¹ûÄãÔÙ°ÑÑ»·Ö´ÐÐÏÂÈ¥, Äã»á¿´µ½ÒѾÓÐÖµ·ÖÅä¸ø string2[0] ÁË,
¶øËüÊÇд®µÄµÚÒ»¸ö×Ö·û, ÒòΪ malloc
º¯ÊýÔÚ·ÖÅäÄÚ´æʱ°ÑËüÃdzõʼ»¯Îª¿Õ(null)×Ö·û. ËùÒÔ string2
µÄµÚÒ»¸ö×Ö·ûÊÇ¿Õ×Ö·û. Õâ½âÊÍÁËΪʲôÔÚ´òÓ¡ string2 ʱûÓÐÈκÎÊä³öÁË.
ÏÖÔÚÕÒ³öÁËÎÊÌâ³öÔÚÄÄÀï, ÐÞÕýÕâ¸ö´íÎóÊǺÜÈÝÒ×µÄ. ÄãµÃ°Ñ´úÂëÀïдÈë
string2 µÄµÚÒ»¸ö×Ö·ûµÄµÄÆ«ÒÆÁ¿¸ÄΪ size - 1 ¶ø²»ÊÇ size. ÕâÊÇÒòΪ
string2 µÄ´óСΪ 12, µ«ÆðʼƫÒÆÁ¿ÊÇ 0, ´®ÄÚµÄ×Ö·û´ÓÆ«ÒÆÁ¿ 0 µ½ Æ«ÒÆÁ¿
10, Æ«ÒÆÁ¿ 11 Ϊ¿Õ×Ö·û±£Áô.
ΪÁËʹ´úÂëÕý³£¹¤×÷ÓкܶàÖÖÐ޸İ취. Ò»ÖÖÊÇÁíÉèÒ»¸ö±È´®µÄʵ¼Ê´óСС
1 µÄ±äÁ¿. ÕâÊÇÕâÖÖ½â¾ö°ì·¨µÄ´úÂë:
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
char my_string[] = "hello there";
my_print (my_string);
my_print2 (my_string);
}
my_print (char *string)
{
printf ("The string is %s\n", string);
}
my_print2 (char *string)
{
char *string2;
int size, size2, i;
size = strlen (string);
size2 = size -1;
string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
string2[size2 - i] = string[i];
string2[size] = `\0';
printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
}
ÁíÍâµÄ C ±à³Ì¹¤¾ß
Slackware/RedHat Linux µÄ·¢ÐаæÖл¹°üÀ¨Ò»Ð©ÎÒÃÇÉÐδÌáµ½µÄ C ¿ª·¢¹¤¾ß.
±¾½Ú½«½éÉÜÕâЩ¹¤¾ßºÍËüÃǵĵäÐÍÓ÷¨.
xxgdb
xxgdb ÊÇ gdb µÄÒ»¸ö»ùÓÚ X Window ϵͳµÄͼÐνçÃæ. xxgdb
°üÀ¨ÁËÃüÁîÐаæµÄ gdb ÉϵÄËùÓÐÌØÐÔ. xxgdb
ʹÄãÄÜͨ¹ý°´°´Å¥À´Ö´Ðг£ÓõÄÃüÁî. ÉèÖÃÁ˶ϵãµÄµØ·½Ò²ÓÃͼÐÎÀ´ÏÔʾ.
ÄãÄÜÔÚÒ»¸ö Xterm ´°¿ÚÀï¼üÈëÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁîÀ´ÔËÐÐËü:
xxgdb
ÄãÄÜÓà gdb ÀïÈκÎÓÐЧµÄÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡ÏîÀ´³õʼ»¯ xxgdb . ´ËÍâ xxgdb
Ò²ÓÐһЩÌØÓеÄÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡Ïî, ±í 27.2 ÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî.
±í 27.2. xxgdb ÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡Ïî.
Ñ¡ Ïî Ãè Êö
db_name Ö¸¶¨ËùÓõ÷ÊÔÆ÷µÄÃû×Ö, ȱʡÊÇ gdb.
db_prompt Ö¸¶¨µ÷ÊÔÆ÷Ìáʾ·û, ȱʡΪ gdb.
gdbinit Ö¸¶¨³õʼ»¯ gdb µÄÃüÁîÎļþµÄÎļþÃû, ȱʡΪ .gdbinit.
nx ¸æËß xxgdb ²»Ö´ÐÐ .gdbinit Îļþ.
bigicon ʹÓôóͼ±ê.
calls
Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚ sunsite.unc.edu FTP Õ¾µãÓÃÏÂÃæµÄ·¾¶:
/pub/Linux/devel/lang/c/calls.tar.Z
À´È¡µÃ calls , һЩ¾É°æ±¾µÄ Linux CD-ROM ·¢ÐаæÀïÒ²¸½´øÓÐ.
ÒòΪËüÊÇÒ»¸öÓÐÓõŤ¾ß, ÎÒÃÇÔÚÕâÀïÒ²½éÉÜÒ»ÏÂ. Èç¹ûÄã¾õµÃÓÐÓõĻ°, ´Ó
BBS, FTP, »òÁíÒ»ÕÅCD-ROM ÉÏŪһ¸ö¿½±´. calls µ÷Óà GCC
µÄÔ¤´¦ÀíÆ÷À´´¦Àí¸ø³öµÄÔ´³ÌÐòÎļþ, È»ºóÊä³öÕâЩÎļþµÄÀïµÄº¯Êýµ÷ÓÃÊ÷ͼ.
__________________________________________________________
×¢Òâ: ÔÚÄãµÄϵͳÉÏ°²×° calls ,
ÒÔ³¬¼¶Óû§Éí·ÝµÇ¼ºóÖ´ÐÐÏÂÃæµÄ²½Öè: 1. ½âѹºÍ untar Îļþ. 2. cd
½øÈë calls untar ºó½¨Á¢µÄ×ÓĿ¼. 3. °ÑÃû½Ð calls µÄÎļþÒƶ¯µ½
/usr/bin Ŀ¼. 4. °ÑÃû½Ð calls.1 µÄÎļþÒƶ¯µ½Ä¿Â¼ /usr/man/man1
. 5. ɾ³ý /tmp/calls Ŀ¼. ÕâЩ²½Ö轫°Ñ calls
³ÌÐòºÍËüµÄÖ¸ÄÏÒ³°²×°ÔØÄãµÄϵͳÉÏ.
__________________________________________________________
µ± calls ´òÓ¡³öµ÷Óøú×Ù½á¹ûʱ,
ËüÔÚº¯ÊýºóÃæÓÃÖÐÀ¨ºÅ¸ø³öÁ˺¯ÊýËùÔÚÎļþµÄÎļþÃû:
main [test.c]
Èç¹ûº¯Êý²¢²»ÊÇÏò calls ¸ø³öµÄÎļþÀïµÄ, calls
²»ÖªµÀËùµ÷Óõĺ¯ÊýÀ´×ÔÄÄÀï, ÔòÖ»ÏÔʾº¯ÊýµÄÃû×Ö:
printf
calls ²»¶ÔµÝ¹éºÍ¾²Ì¬º¯ÊýÊä³ö. µÝ¹éº¯ÊýÏÔʾ³ÉÏÂÃæµÄÑù×Ó:
fact <<< recursive in factorial.c >>>
¾²Ì¬º¯ÊýÏóÕâÑùÏÔʾ:
total [static in calculate.c]
×÷Ϊһ¸öÀý×Ó, ¼ÙÉèÓà calls ´¦ÀíÏÂÃæµÄ³ÌÐò:
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
char my_string[] = "hello there";
my_print (my_string);
my_print2(my_string);
}
my_print (char *string)
{
printf ("The string is %s\n", string);
}
my_print2 (char *string)
{
char *string2;
int size, size2, i;
size = strlen (string);
size2 = size -1;
string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
string2[size2 - i] = string[i];
string2[size] = `\0';
printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
}
½«²úÉúÈçϵÄÊä³ö:
1 main [test.c]
2 my_print [test.c]
3 printf
4 my_print2 [test.c]
5 strlen
6 malloc
7 printf
calls ÓкܶàÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡ÏîÀ´ÉèÖò»Í¬µÄÊä³ö¸ñʽ,
ÓйØÕâЩѡÏîµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ calls µÄÖ¸ÄÏÒ³. ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉϼüÈë
calls -h .
cproto
cproto ¶ÁÈë C Ô´³ÌÐòÎļþ²¢×Ô¶¯ÎªÃ¿¸öº¯Êý²úÉúÀàÐÍÉêÃ÷. Óà cproto
¿ÉÒÔÔÚд³ÌÐòʱΪÄã½ÚÊ¡´óÁ¿ÓÃÀ´¶¨Ò庯ÊýÀàÐ͵Äʱ¼ä.
Èç¹ûÄãÈà cproto ´¦ÀíÏÂÃæµÄ´úÂë:
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
char my_string[] = "hello there";
my_print (my_string);
my_print2(my_string);
}
my_print (char *string)
{
printf ("The string is %s\n", *string);
}
my_print2 (char *string)
{
char *string2;
int size, size2, i;
size = strlen (string);
size2 = size -1;
string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
string2[size2 - i] = string[i];
string2[size] = `\0';
printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
}
Ä㽫µÃµ½ÏÂÃæµÄÊä³ö:
/* test.c */
int main(void);
int my_print(char *string);
int my_print2(char *string);
Õâ¸öÊä³ö¿ÉÒÔÖض¨Ïòµ½Ò»¸ö¶¨Ò庯ÊýÀàÐ͵İüº¬ÎļþÀï.
indent
indent ʵÓóÌÐòÊÇ Linux Àï°üº¬µÄÁíÒ»¸ö±à³ÌʵÓù¤¾ß.
Õâ¸ö¹¤¾ß¼òµ¥µÄ˵¾ÍΪÄãµÄ´úÂë²úÉúÃÀ¹ÛµÄËõ½øµÄ¸ñʽ. indent
Ò²ÓкܶàÑ¡ÏîÀ´Ö¸¶¨ÈçºÎ¸ñʽ»¯ÄãµÄÔ´´úÂë.ÕâЩѡÏîµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë¿´indent
µÄÖ¸ÄÏÒ³, ÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉϼüÈë indent -h .
ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÊÇ indent µÄȱʡÊä³ö:
ÔËÐÐ indent ÒÔÇ°µÄ C ´úÂë:
#include <stdio.h>
main () {
char my_string[] = "hello there";
my_print (my_string);
my_print2(my_string); }
my_print (char *string)
{
printf ("The string is %s\n", *string);
}
my_print2 (char *string) {
char *string2;
int size, size2, i;
size = strlen (string);
size2 = size -1;
string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
string2[size2 - i] = string[i];
string2[size] = `\0';
printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
}
ÔËÐÐ indent ºóµÄ C ´úÂë:
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
char my_string[] = "hello there";
my_print (my_string);
my_print2 (my_string);
}
my_print (char *string)
{
printf ("The string is %s\n", *string);
}
my_print2 (char *string)
{
char *string2;
int size, size2, i;
size = strlen (string);
size2 = size -1;
string2 = (char *) malloc (size + 1);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
string2[size2 - i] = string[i];
string2[size] = `\0';
printf ("The string printed backward is %s\n", string2);
}
indent ²¢²»¸Ä±ä´úÂëµÄʵÖÊÄÚÈÝ, ¶øÖ»ÊǸıä´úÂëµÄÍâ¹Û.
ʹËü±äµÃ¸ü¿É¶Á, ÕâÓÀÔ¶ÊÇÒ»¼þºÃÊÂ.
gprof
gprof ÊÇ°²×°ÔÚÄãµÄ Linux ϵͳµÄ /usr/bin Ŀ¼ÏµÄÒ»¸ö³ÌÐò.
ËüʹÄãÄÜÆÊÎöÄãµÄ³ÌÐò´Ó¶øÖªµÀ³ÌÐòµÄÄÄÒ»¸ö²¿·ÖÔÚÖ´ÐÐʱ×î·Ñʱ¼ä.
gprof
½«¸æËßÄã³ÌÐòÀïÿ¸öº¯Êý±»µ÷ÓõĴÎÊýºÍÿ¸öº¯ÊýÖ´ÐÐʱËùռʱ¼äµÄ°Ù·Ö±È.
ÄãÈç¹ûÏëÌá¸ßÄãµÄ³ÌÐòÐÔÄܵĻ°ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢·Ç³£ÓÐÓÃ.
ΪÁËÔÚÄãµÄ³ÌÐòÉÏʹÓà gprof, Äã±ØÐëÔÚ±àÒë³ÌÐòʱ¼ÓÉÏ -pg Ñ¡Ïî.
Õ⽫ʹ³ÌÐòÔÚÿ´ÎÖ´ÐÐʱ²úÉúÒ»¸ö½Ð gmon.out µÄÎļþ. gprof
ÓÃÕâ¸öÎļþ²úÉúÆÊÎöÐÅÏ¢.
ÔÚÄãÔËÐÐÁËÄãµÄ³ÌÐò²¢²úÉúÁË gmon.out
ÎļþºóÄãÄÜÓÃÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁî»ñµÃÆÊÎöÐÅÏ¢:
gprof <program_name>
²ÎÊý program_name ÊDzúÉú gmon.out ÎļþµÄ³ÌÐòµÄÃû×Ö.
__________________________________________________________
¼¼ÇÉ: gprof ²úÉúµÄÆÊÎöÊý¾ÝºÜ´ó,
Èç¹ûÄãÏë¼ì²éÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ»°×îºÃ°ÑÊä³öÖض¨Ïòµ½Ò»¸öÎļþÀï.
__________________________________________________________
f2c ºÍ p2c
f2c ºÍ p2c ÊÇÁ½¸öÔ´´úÂëת»»³ÌÐò. f2c °Ñ FORTRAN ´úÂëת»»Îª C ´úÂë,
p2c °Ñ Pascal ´úÂëת»»Îª C ´úÂë. µ±Äã°²×° GCC
ʱÕâÁ½¸ö³ÌÐò¶¼»á±»°²×°ÉÏÈ¥.
Èç¹ûÄãÓÐһЩÓà FORTRAN »ò Pascal дµÄ´úÂëÒªÓà C ÖØдµÄ»°, f2c ºÍ
p2c ¶ÔÄã·Ç³£ÓÐÓÃ. ÕâÁ½¸ö³ÌÐò²úÉúµÄ C ´úÂëÒ»°ã²»ÓÃÐ޸ľÍÖ±½ÓÄܱ» GCC
±àÒë.
Èç¹ûҪת»»µÄ FORTRAN »ò Pascal ³ÌÐò±È½ÏСµÄ»°¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓʹÓà f2c »ò
p2c ²»ÓüÓÈκÎÑ¡Ïî. Èç¹ûҪת»»µÄ³ÌÐò±È½ÏÅÓ´ó,
°üº¬ºÜ¶àÎļþµÄ»°Äã¿ÉÄÜÒªÓõ½Ò»Ð©ÃüÁîÐÐÑ¡Ïî.
ÔÚÒ»¸ö FORTRAN ³ÌÐòÉÏʹÓà f2c , ÊäÈëÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁî:
f2c my_fortranprog.f
__________________________________________________________
×¢Òâ: f2c ÒªÇó±»×ª»»µÄ³ÌÐòµÄÀ©Õ¹ÃûΪ .f »ò a .F .
__________________________________________________________
Òª°ÑÒ»¸öPascal ³ÌÐò×°»»Îª C ³ÌÐò, ÊäÈëÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁî:
p2c my_pascalprogram.pas
ÕâÁ½¸ö³ÌÐò²úÉúµÄ C Ô´´úÂëµÄÎļþÃû¶¼ºÍÔÀ´µÄÎļþÃûÏàͬ, µ«À©Õ¹ÃûÓÉ
.f »ò .pas ±äΪ .c.
--
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