Linux 版 (精华区)
发信人: netiscpu (说不如做), 信区: Unix
标 题: [M] Linux-Admin Mailling-list FAQ
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Sun May 17 19:27:29 1998), 转信
Linux-admin@vger.rutgers.edu mailing list Frequently Asked Questions
(with answers)
(Date of first contributon: April, 30, 1998)
Last updated: May, 15, 1998.
version: 0.5
This is the list of Frequently Asked Questions on the linux-admin mailing list at vger.rutgers.edu. This
FAQ is going to be avaliable at :
Primary Site :
HTML version:http://linux.ibd.net/linux-admin-FAQ.html and ASCII
version:http://linux.ibd.net/linux-admin-FAQ
Mirrors
http://spyjurenet.com/linux/
http://beryte.com/linux/faq/
http://www.miscellaneous.net/linux/linux-admin-FAQ
Foreword
Writing this FAQ we consider that you already have base knowledge of Linux/Unix and its
administration. All the questions like "what's Linux? How do install linux?" will be responced with
"RTFM" acronym. Please check http://www.linux.org, http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/ for answers to
such questions.
Index
1. General Information.
Q1.1 How do I (un)subscribe myself from the list?
Q1.2 What is this list all about?
Q1.3 Where do I get more information?
Q1.4 Is this list archived somewhere?
2. Linux Hardware Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Q2.1 How do I get my Linux box to work with more that 64MB of RAM?
Q2.2 How do I get my 2(3,4,..) ethernet cards to work?
Q2.3 What could make GCC exiting on signal 11?
Q2.4 How do I use a `WinModem'/`WinPrinter' under Linux?
3. Linux Software Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Q3.1 How do I sync my computer time clock to 'x'?
Q3.2 How do I apply a patch?
Q3.3 Where can I get program `x'?
Q3.3.1 Where do I find the latest versions of common packages?
Q3.4 I'm trying to do virtual email hosting with sendmail, but I get an error saying `mail
loops back to me'.
Q3.5 How do I get my linux to recognize my timezone in respect to Dayligth Saving
Time?"
Q3.5 POP3 users get an error message saying `already being read'.
Q3.6 How do i access to WIN95 shared resources from a LINUX box?
Q3.6.1 How do i share resources from a Linux box to a WIN 95 network?
4. Linux Administration Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Q4.1 I forgot my root password. How do I login?
Q4.2 I have set a nonexisting shell in my /etc/passwd. How do I login?
Q4.3 I have forgotten to start a process in background mode (&) in my startup scripts.
How do I get consoles?
Q4.4 How do I switch to single-user mode?
Q4.5 How do I masquerade my Win95 box through Linux?
Q4.6 I have only one IP address and/or I connect to the Internet through a dialup
connection. How can I use Linux to connect two or more computers to the 'Net at the
same time, through a single connection?
Q4.7 How do I export Linux prinder/disk to Win machines?
Q4.8 How do I export Win printer/disk to my Linux machine?
Q4.9 I am getting lots of "Can't find module XXXX-XXX" at the boot time, meanwhile
everything seems to work fine. What should I do?
Q4.10 When I try to telnet/FTP/... to my Linux box, the connection just hangs.
Q4.10.1 When I try to telnet/FTP/... to my Linux box, there is a long delay appears,
before i get login prompt.
Q4.11 How do a start a process at system boot that is controlled by a user other than
'root'?
Q4.12 How do i stop some users from being able to telnet/ftp to my Linux box?
Q4.13 I have win 95 and linux on the same computer. I want to automatically mount the
win 95 drives with long file names on the linux box. How do I do it?
Q4.14 How can i limit the number of simultaneous logins?
Q4.15 How can i limit the idle time of a user?
Q4.16 What are "Shadow passwords" or "Shadow suite"?
5. Linux Internals Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Q5.1 What are zombie processes?
Q5.2 I recompiled and I ended with kernel panic - no root device.
What's wrong?
6. Linux Security Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Q6.1 What are the basics about system security?
7. Misc. Questions
Q6.1 What is the maximum size that a file can be under linux?
Appendix
A. Complete list of Linux related sites in Internet.
B. How to contribute to this FAQ.
C. Acknowledgments.
1. General Information.
Question 1.1. How do I (un)subscribe myself from the list?
This mailing list is handled by a majordomo server at vger.rutgers.edu. To remove/add yourself to the
mailing list simply send an email to majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu.
To subscribe put the following in the body of the message:
subscribe linux-admin your@email.address
To unsubscribe put the following in the body of the message:
unsubscribe linux-admin your@email.address
The subject line will be ignored.
Question 1.2 What is this list all about?
This mailing list is generally devoted to all Linux administration matters including all those which might
be slightly interlaced with other linux-* mailing lists (like linux-kernel, linux-net, linux-x11.. etc).
Question 1.3 Where do I get more information?
There are lots of resources about Linux available in the Internet, here are several links which would
be good places to start:
http://www.linux.org
http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/linux.html
http://www.linux.org/help/
http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP -LDP site.
http://www.redhat.com - RedHat site.
http://ipmasq.home.ml.org - Linux IP Masquerade Resource.
Question 1.4 Is this list archived somewhere?
Yes. It is. Check out http://www.reference.com. But it surely is avaliable at the other places.
2. Linux Hardware Frequently Asked Questions
Question 2.1. How do I get my Linux box to work with more that 64MB of RAM?
To get kernel to see more than 64MB of RAM, either specify it at boot time by adding
mem=XXXM after the image name (label) you want to boot with, or you can set it as parameter, and
thus make it permanent, by adding append="mem=XXXM" to your /etc/lilo.conf file. (do not forget
to rerun lilo after this).
here is a fragment from `man (7) bootparam'
`mem=...'
The BIOS call defined in the PC specification that returns the amount of installed memory was only
designed to be able to report up to 64MB. Linux uses this BIOS call at boot to determine how much
memory is installed. If you have more than 64MB of RAM installed, you can use this boot arg to tell
Linux how much memory you have. The value is in decimal or hexadecimal (prefix 0x), and the
suffixes `k' (times 1024) or `M' (times 1048576) can be used. Here is a quote from Linus on usage
of the `mem=' parameter.
``The kernel will accept any `mem=xx' parameter you give it, and if it turns out that you lied to it, it
will crash horribly sooner or later. The parameter indicates the highest addressable RAM address, so
`mem=0x1000000' means you have 16MB of memory, for example. For a 96MB machine this
would be `mem=0x6000000'.
NOTE NOTE NOTE: some machines might use the top of memory for BIOS cacheing or
whatever, so you might not actually have up to the full 96MB addressable. The reverse is also true:
some chipsets will map the physical memory that is covered by the BIOS area into the area just past
the top of memory, so the top-of-mem might actually be 96MB + 384kB for example. If you tell
linux that it has more memory than it actually does have, bad things will happen: maybe not at once,
but surely eventually.''
Question 2.2 How do I get my 2(3,4,..) ethernet cards to work?
To make the kernel see additional ethernet cards, you should either pass the parameter
`ether=IRQ,i/o addr,device' at boot time,
ex:
boot: linux ether=5,0x320,eth0
or specify it in lilo.conf file
image=/boot/vmlinuz
label=linux
append="ether=5,0x320,eth0"
root=/dev/hda2
read-only
Note that this will only work for drivers that are compiled into the kernel. If the driver is a module,
then you need to specify the parameters in /etc/modules.conf, e.g.
alias eth0 3c509
options eth0 irq=10
Question 2.3 What could make GCC exiting on signal 11?
There is a good resource covers this subject avaliable in the Internet at
http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/.
Question 2.4 How do I use a `WinModem'/`WinPrinter' under Linux?
All the win* things are brain-dead. I don't think there is a way to use winmodem or winprinter under
Linux. The actual idea is that win devices are just much simplified things, where lot of things are to be
done by specific windows driver. (and that's .. unwise at least)
Sadly, vendors of WinPrinters and WinModems have been pressured by M$ to withold
programming info, so it's not available to Linux programmers.
Well, actually i was told that someone has managed to reverse engineer the data stream sent between
Windows and a WinPrinter, and has preliminary support for one of the WinPrinters under Linux, but
no additional information is avaliable on my hands. (if anyone does, please mail me).
3. Linux Software Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Question 3.1 How do I sync my computer time clock to 'x'?
The recommended way is to get the xntp package from http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~ntp/ or other
sources.
Question 3.2 How do I apply a patch?
cd the directory with source code. and type patch < patchfile or patch < /path/to/your/pathfile if it
resides in different directory.
Question 3.3 Where can I get program `x'?
Question 3.3.1 Where do I find the latest versions of common packages?
SunSite UNC
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux
Linux Archive Search
http://torgo.ml.org/las
Linux Software Map (seems a bit out of date now).
http://www.boutell.com/lsm
Linux Applications and Utilities Page
http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
Walnut Creek - Official Home of Slackware Linux
ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/
For more sites please see also Appendix, section A.
Question 3.4 I'm trying to do virtual email hosting with sendmail, but I get an error saying `mail loops
back to me'.
Check out the w class in sendmail.cf to ensure that both domain names are in it. (it either should be in
file specified by Fw/file/name (usually /etc/sendmail.cw), or in Cwhostnames ... line in /etc/sendmail.cf
file)
check http://www.sendmail.org/virtual-hosting.html for more info.
Question 3.5 POP3 users get an error message saying `already being read'.
Delete the /var/tmp/.pop3/ file. Better still, run the rm_stale.sh script (from the pop3d distribution) via
cron to delete stale temporary files automatically.
Question 3.5 How do I get my linux to recognize my timezone in respect to Dayligth Saving Time?"
1.
cd /usr/lib/zoneinfo
rm localtime posixrules posixtimes
ln -s /etc/localtime localtime
ln -s /etc/localtime posixrules
ln -s /etc/localtime posixtimes
2.
cd /etc
rm localtime
ln -s /usr/lib/zoneinfo/Europe/Copenhagen localtime
3.
Modify /etc/rc.d/boot.local (Suse 5.1) to contain these lines:
clock -a
echo "System time: $(date)"
Modify /etc/init.d/local (Unifix 2.0) to contain these lines:
test -f /etc/adjtime || echo "0.0 0 0.0" >/etc/adjtime
clock -a
echo "System time: $(date)"
Modify ?? (Slackware, Redhat, Debian, DLD, ...,?) to contain these lines:
#test -f /etc/adjtime || echo "0.0 0 0.0" >/etc/adjtime
clock -a
echo "System time: $(date)"?
4.All places where TZ is defined should be changed. TZ must not be defined!
cd /etc
find . -exec grep -ln TZ {} 2>/dev/null \;
Put a # before all TZ-definitions in the files shown.
The files where to expect TZ-definitions are:
/etc/ENVIRONMENT (unifix)
/etc/profile* (suse, unifix)
/etc/login.defs (suse, unifix)
5.reboot (or do the clock -a by hand ;-)
Question 3.6 How do i access to WIN95 shared resources from a LINUX box?
Question3.6.1 How do i share resources from a Linux box to a WIN 95 network?
Please see questions 4.7/4.8
4. Linux Administration Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Question 4.1 I forgot my root password. How do I login?
There are some ways to do it.:-). The easiest one is to shut down your machine. Boot it into shell and
change root's password:
to boot into shell use:
boot: linux init=/bin/sh
to change root password:
bash# passwd root
However, you may login as an original user and try to hack your machine:-)
Question 4.2 I have set a non-existing shell in my /etc/passwd. How do I login?
Shutdown your machine, boot into shell (see the question 4.1) and set the correct shell:
bash#chsh root
Question 4.3 I have forgotten to start a process in background mode (&) in my startup scripts. How
do I get consoles?
Shutdown your machine. Boot it in shell mode(see the question 4.1) and edit your scripts as
apropriate.
Question 4.4 How do I switch to single-user mode?
You may boot your machine in single user mode by passing "single" parameter to a boot image:
boot: linux single
Question 4.5 How do I masquerade my Win95 box through Linux?
Question 4.6 I have only one IP address and/or I connect to the Internet through a dialup connection.
How can I use Linux to connect two or more computers to the 'Net at the same time, through a
single connection?
Linux is the perfect answer to networking questions such as this. Support of _IP_Masquerading_ is
built right into the Linux kernel. The procedures used to accomplish this, while not overly difficult, are
beyond the scope of this FAQ. There are several online resources devoted to this topic, including the
"IP Masquerade Resource" at http://ipmasq.home.ml.org. For a list of applications which run through
IP masquerading, please see "Masq Apps" at http://dijon.nais.com/~nevo/masq/.
Q4.7 How do I export Linux prinder/disk to Win machines?
Q4.8 How do I export Win printer/disk to my Linux machine?
Install SAMBA. Take a look at the SMB-HOWTO or at http://samba.anu.edu.au For printer setup
also take a look at the Printing-HOWTO.
Question 4.9 I am getting lots of "Can't find module XXXX-XXX" at the boot time, meanwhile
everything seems to work fine. What should I do?
Just edit your /etc/conf.modules and add
alias module XXXXX-XX off
alias module XXXXX-XX off
Question 4.10 When I try to telnet/FTP/... to my Linux box, the connection just hangs.
Question 4.10.1 When I try to telnet/FTP/... to my Linux box, there is a long delay appears, before i
get login prompt.
Configure reverse DNS, either using named or /etc/hosts.
Question 4.11 How do a start a process at system boot that is controlled by a user other than 'root'?
Add the following to /etc/rc.d/rc.local
cd /path/to/program
su -c
cd
Example: The following will start 'talker' as a process owned by 'bob'.
cd /home/bob
su bob -c ./talker&
cd
Quiestion 4.12 How do i stop some users from being able to telnet/ftp to my Linux box?
You may change shell to /dev/null for those users who you don't want being able to telnet to your
box.(but add /dev/null to /etc/shells if you still want them being able to use ftp). Alternatively you
could write shell of your own which would do whatever you want to (log logging attempts, displaying
message, etc..) and exit, and set it as user shell.
To stop user from being able to ftp your machine. You could either remove his shell from /etc/shells,
or just add his username to /etc/ftpusers.
check out also TCP Wrappers: ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/security/index.html
Question 4.13 I have win 95 and linux on the same computer. I want to automatically mount the win
95 drives with long file names on the linux box. How do I do it?
Win 95 drives mounted as type ''vfat' rather than 'msdos' will let you access the long file names on the
drive. You must change the 'msdos' type that is listed in the /etc/fstab file to be type 'vfat'. In order
for vfat to automatically be loaded proc must preceed the drives in the /etc/fstab file. This for sure
works with RH5 and probably with other implementations.
BEFORE:
/dev/hdc1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda1 /c msdos defaults 0 0
/dev/hdc2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 noauto 0 0
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
AFTER:
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/hdc1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda1 /c vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hdc2 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ext2 noauto 0 0
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0
Question 4.12 How can i limit the number of simultaneous logins?
There is no a tool directly from Linux. However, you can use a third party program, and there are
two good options: clobberd and idled. Both are very customizable and you can set aditional
parameters such timeout (idle) time for a user (or a group of that). Both available from linux program
repositories such sunsite.unc.edu.
Question 4.13 How can i limit the idle time of a user?
See question 4.12
Question 4.14 What are "Shadow passwords" or "Shadow suite"?
Shadow passwords are a method to hide visible passwords in traditional /etc/passwd file, putting
them into another file called /etc/shadow with permissions only for read to root (or any UID 0) :).
5. Linux Internals Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Question 5.1 What are zombie processes?
When a child process finishes, its parent process is supposed to 'reap' it, , which really just means
that it acknowledges the fact that the child exited, and checks its return status.
Zombies are unreaped child processes. They occupy no memory, no disk, no IO and no CPU. They
only eat a slot in the process table. Normally, this is not a problem, but it becomes troublesome on
heavilly loaded machines running near the process limit, or in cases where a program spawns child
processes often, but reaps rarely. This is usually a bug, and can lead to system crashes. When the
parent exits, any unreaped processes will be reaped by init, but this can take a long time if the system
is busy. Lots of zombies can be infuriating, because they can prevent you from running the commands
you need to run to clean them up. Unclean shutdowns are the only fix if that happens, although
sometimes you can get room to move by disconnecting the network and all modems (run-away
server daemons will eventually time out on all of their connections, and start exiting. This will reduce
the system load, and hopefully lead to some process reaping, at least enough for you to get a shell on
the console and start cleaning up).
Alternatively you could set limits with ulimit before running risky tasks.
Question 5.2 I recompiled and I ended up with a `kernel panic - no root' device. What's wrong?
Check out if you compiled your root device driver correctly in your kernel. Until you use ramdisk,
this device driver shouldn't be a module (since modules in this case would reside on root device
which hasn't mounted at this moment yet).
It is also desirable to leave your old kernel in lilo.conf, while booting with new one, so you could also
boot with it and fix problems.
6. Linux Security Most Frequently Asked Questions.
Questions 6.1 What are the basics about system security?
This is a really good question. System Security are a big challenge to any administrator ( that's why
we even put it into spearate section ). A few things to do may be:
Read the logs:- Syslog, messages, any .log file at /var/adm directory.
Apply patches:- When a new release comes, upgrade your software, and ever apply the
patches.
Use security software:- The use of TCP Wrappers, COPS and Tripwire are ever a good idea.
Join to a security list :- Specially a list about UNIX security, like bugtraq@netspace.org or
linux-security@redhat.com
(check out some of these archives for more mailing lists)
7. Miscellaneous Questions
Question 6.1 What is the maximum size that a file can be under Linux?
Depends on the file system you're running on. The ext2 filesystem can store files up to ~64Gb. Minix
and Ext filesystems can have files up to only 2Gb.
The ext2 fs inode have 12 direct blocks, 1 indirect, 1 double and 1 triple. Again, if I'm not wrong,
each ext2 zone can have up to 256 zone pointers. This gives you:
12*BLOCK_SIZE + 256*BLOCK_SIZE + 256*256*BLOCK_SIZE + 256*256*256*BLOCK_SIZE
BLOCK_SIZE usually is 4096 bytes by default. (but could be 2048 and 1024).
Appendix
A. Complete List of Linux Related Sites on the Internet.
General
http://www.linux.org - Linux Home Site
http://www.sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux - Linux On Sunsite
Linux Distributions
http://www.redhat.com - RedHat site.
http://www.debian.org - Debian site.
http://www.slackware.org - Slackware site.
Administration
http://www.secretagent.com/doc/ldp/sag/index.html
http://www.samag.com/
http://www.solucorp.qc.ca/linuxconf/
Networking
http://www.wwonline.com/~achau/ipmasq/
http://www.landfield.com/faqs/by-newsgroup/comp/comp.os.linux.networking.html
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/PPP-HOWTO
http://www.dna.lth.se/~erics/diald.html
http://www.umr.edu/~mark/linux/ppp.html
http://www.netdoor.com/helpdesk/linux.html
http://dijon.nais.com/~nevo/masq/index.html
http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba/
Programming
http://samba.anu.edu.au/samba/
http://virtual-mktg.com/tiwatson/
http://franz.ww.tu-berlin.de/msqlperl/index.html#80
ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/doc/wwwman/libwww/lib/LWP.html
Mail
http://www.infinet.com/~gnosis/mail.html
http://www.qmail.org/
http://www.best.com/~ariel/nospam/
http://locke.ccil.org/~esr/fetchmail/
Documentation
http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/lg/issue23/lg_toc23.html
http://www.linuxresources.com/
http://www.tux.org/~balsa/linux/cyrix/
http://www.tiac.net/users/williams/lugnuts/
http://www.ssc.com/linux/linux.html
http://www.scripps.edu/~jsmith/jazip/
http://www.solucorp.qc.ca/linuxconf/features.html
http://www.secretagent.com/
http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/fat32.html
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Kerneld.html
http://www.ch4549.org/lust/
http://www.LinuxMall.com/mallidx.html
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/linux.html
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/faqs/
http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/lg/issue18/issue18.html
http://www.gamers.org/dEngine/xf3D/
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html
http://amelia.db.erau.edu/Excite/AT-LDPquery.html
http://amelia.db.erau.edu/ldp/HOWTO/mini/Offline-Mailing.html#toc3
X Windows
http://www.xfree86.org/
http://www.PLiG.org/xwinman/
http://x.unicom.net/themes/
http://tnt.microimages.com/freestuf/mix.htm
RedHat
http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl/manual/manual/
http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl/intel/rh41-errata-intel.html#Install_fails_with_some_SCSI_adaptors
http://www.best.com/~aturner/RedHat-FAQ/
http://www.redhat.com/redhat/softdir/index.phtml
http://www.labs.redhat.com/
Applications
http://www.roestock.demon.co.uk/isapnptools/
ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/tux/robotti/
http://mc.blackdown.org/mc/
http://argeas.argos.hol.gr/pub/unix/cooledit/
http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml
http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9707.3/0201.html
http://www.rootshell.com/
http://www.geek-girl.com/bugtraq/archives.html
http://webwatcher.org/
http://citv.unl.edu/linux/LinuxPresentation.html
http://terminus.terminator.net/ipmasq/
http://darkrain.vup3d.com/
B. How to contribute to this FAQ.
Send an email to either linux-admin@vger.rutgers.edu or directly to me (or any of these FAQ
contributors). Please specify the question you would want to be listed in this FAQ and, if possible,
the correct answer so we could just cut and past it. All corrections (including grammar, stylistics
etc..) are more than welcome.
C. Acknowledgments.
We'd like to thank following people for all the help they provided us with this document:
C.1. FAQ contribution:
Glynn Clements (glynn@sensei.co.uk)
Edmund Lau (edlau@ucf.ics.uci.edu)
John Evans (evansj@hi-line.net)
Richard Betel (mto@rim.net)
Marin D (marin@iclub.techno-link.com)
LUIS FELIPE BALBINOT (9510919@turing.unisinos.tche.br)
Brian Schau (bsc@fleggaard.dk)
"Mullen, Patrick" (Patrick.Mullen@GSC.GTE.Com)
Dave Sutherland (dave@ibd.net)
Michael Granzow (mg@medi.physik.uni-oldenburg.de)
Ajay Gautam (ajay@avlinsun.avlin.stpn.soft.net)
"Mullen, Patrick" (Patrick.Mullen@GSC.GTE.Com)
Nagib Hobeica (nag@beryte.com)
Chris MacLeod (stick@physis.viper.net)
Robert Towster (towster@technologist.com)
Tethys (tethys@ml.com)
Troy Bowman (troy@ns.lumpnet.ml.org)
Richard Betel (mto@rim.net)
Martin Humberto Hoz Salvador (mhoz@uanl.mx)
C.2. Hosting/Mirroring this FAQ:
"Mullen, Patrick" (Patrick.Mullen@GSC.GTE.Com)
Nagib Hobeica (nag@beryte.com)
Chris MacLeod (stick@physis.viper.net)
Dave Sutherland (dave@ibd.net)
To contact me personally send email to: Fyodor Yarochkin (fygrave@usa.net) or
Fyodor Yarochkin (fygrave@freenet.bishkek.su)
--
Enjoy Linux!
-----It's FREE!-----
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