Linux 版 (精华区)
发信人: netiscpu (网中鸟~~flying), 信区: Linux
标 题: Linux下的硬盘加速(3)英文参考
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年08月04日03:05:26 星期六), 站内信件
比中文参考更详细一些。
摘自: http://linux.oreillynet.com/pub/a/linux/2000/06/29/hdparm.html?page=1
Speeding up Linux Using hdparm
by Rob Flickenger
06/29/2000
Are you running an Intel Linux system with at least one (E)IDE
hard drive?
Wouldn't it be neat if there
were a magical command to
instantly double the I/O
performance of your disks? Or,
in some cases, show 6 to 10
times your existing
throughput?
Did you ever just wonder how
to tell what kind of
performance you're getting on
your "tricked-out" Linux box?
Don't overlook hdparm(8). If
you've never heard of it,
don't worry. Most people I've talked to haven't either. But if
you're running an IDE/Linux system (as many folks are,) you'll
wonder how you ever got this far without it. I know I did.
What's the big deal?
So, you've got your brand-new UltraATA/66 EIDE drive with a
screaming brand-new controller chipset that supports multiple
PIO modes and DMA and the leather seat option and extra
chrome... But is your system actually taking advantage of these
snazzy features? The hdparm(8) command will not only tell you how
your drives are performing, but will let you tweak them out to
your heart's content.
Now before you get too excited, it is worth pointing out that
under some circumstances, these commands CAN CAUSE UNEXPECTED
DATA CORRUPTION! Use them at your own risk! At the very least,
back up your box and bring it down to single-user mode before
proceeding.
With the usual disclaimer out of the way, I'd like to point out
that if you are using current hardware (i.e. your drive AND
controller AND motherboard were manufactured in the last two or
three years), you are at considerably lower risk. I've used
these commands on several boxes with various hardware
configurations, and the worst I've seen happen is the
occasional hang, with no data problems on reboot. And no matter
how much you might whine at me and the world in general for
your personal misfortune, we all know who is ultimately
responsible for the well-being of YOUR box: YOU ARE. Caveat
Fair Reader.
Now, then. If I haven't scared you away yet, try this (as root,
preferably in single-user mode):
hdparm -Tt /dev/hda
You'll see something like:
/dev/hda:
Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 1.34 seconds =95.52 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 17.86 seconds = 3.58 MB/sec
What does this tell us? The -T means to test the cache system
(i.e., the memory, CPU, and buffer cache). The -t means to
report stats on the disk in question, reading data not in the
cache. The two together, run a couple of times in a row in
single-user mode, will give you an idea of the performance of
your disk I/O system. (These are actual numbers from a PII/350
/ 128M Ram / newish EIDE HD; your numbers will vary.)
But even with varying numbers, 3.58 MB/sec is PATHETIC for the
above hardware. I thought the ad for the HD said something
about 66MB per second!!?!? What gives?
Well, let's find out more about how Linux is addressing your
drive:
hdparm /dev/hda
/dev/hda:
multcount = 0 (off)
I/O support = 0 (default 16-bit)
unmaskirq = 0 (off)
using_dma = 0 (off)
keepsettings = 0 (off)
nowerr = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 8 (on)
geometry = 1870/255/63, sectors = 30043440, start = 0
These are the defaults. Nice, safe, but not necessarily
optimal. What's all this about 16-bit mode? I thought that went
out with the 386! And why are most of the other options turned
off?
Well, it's generally considered a good idea for any
self-respecting distribution to install itself in the kewlest,
slickest, but SAFEST way it possibly can. The above settings
are virtually guaranteed to work on any hardware you might
throw at it. But since we know we're throwing something more
than a dusty, 8-year-old, 16-bit multi-IO card at it, let's
talk about the interesting options:
multcount: Short for multiple sector count. This controls
how many sectors are fetched from the disk in a single I/O
interrupt. Almost all modern IDE drives support this. The
man page claims:
When this feature is enabled, it typically reduces
operating system overhead for disk I/O by 30-50%. On
many systems, it also provides increased data
throughput of anywhere from 5% to 50%.
I/O support: This is a big one. This flag controls how data
is passed from the PCI bus to the controller. Almost all
modern controller chipsets support mode 3, or 32-bit mode
w/sync. Some even support 32-bit async. Turning this on
will almost certainly double your throughput (see below.)
unmaskirq: Turning this on will allow Linux to unmask other
interrupts while processing a disk interrupt. What does
that mean? It lets Linux attend to other interrupt-related
tasks (i.e., network traffic) while waiting for your disk
to return with the data it asked for. It should improve
overall system response time, but be warned: Not all
hardware configurations will be able to handle it. See the
manpage.
using_dma: DMA can be a tricky business. If you can get
your controller and drive using a DMA mode, do it. But I
have seen more than one machine hang while playing with
this option. Again, see the manpage (and the example on the
next page)!
Turbocharged
So, since we have our system in single-user mode like a good
little admin, let's try out some turbo settings:
hdparm -c3 -m16 /dev/hda
/dev/hda:
setting 32-bit I/O support flag to 3
setting multcount to 16
multcount = 16 (on)
I/O support = 3 (32-bit w/sync)
Great! 32-bit sounds nice. And some multi-reads might work.
Let's re-run the benchmark:
hdparm -tT /dev/hda
/dev/hda:
Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 1.41 seconds =90.78 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 9.84 seconds = 6.50 MB/sec
WOW! Almost double the disk throughput without really trying!
Incredible.
But wait, there's more: We're still not unmasking interrupts,
using DMA, or even a using decent PIO mode! Of course, enabling
these gets riskier. (Why is it always a trade-off between
freedom and security?) The man page mentions trying Multiword
DMA mode2, so:
hdparm -X34 -d1 -u1 /dev/hda
...Unfortunately this seems to be unsupported on this
particular box (it hung like an NT box running a Java app.) So,
after rebooting it (again in single-user mode), I went with
this:
hdparm -X66 -d1 -u1 -m16 -c3 /dev/hda
/dev/hda:
setting 32-bit I/O support flag to 3
setting multcount to 16
setting unmaskirq to 1 (on)
setting using_dma to 1 (on)
setting xfermode to 66 (UltraDMA mode2)
multcount = 16 (on)
I/O support = 3 (32-bit w/sync)
unmaskirq = 1 (on)
using_dma = 1 (on)
And then checked:
hdparm -tT /dev/hda
/dev/hda:
Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 1.43 seconds =89.51 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 3.18 seconds =20.13 MB/sec
20.13 MB/sec. A far cry from the miniscule 3.58 we started
with...
By the way, notice how we specified the -m16 and -c3 switch
again? That's because it doesn't remember your hdparm settings
between reboots. Be sure to add the above line to your
/etc/rc.d/* scripts once you're sure the system is stable (and
preferably after your fsck runs; having an extensive fs check
run with your controller in a flaky mode may be a good way to
generate vast quantities of entropy, but it's no way to
administer a system. At least not with a straight face...)
Now, after running the benchmark a few more times, reboot in
multi-user mode and fire up X. Load Netscape. And try not to
fall out of your chair.
In conclusion
This is one of those interesting little tidbits that escapes
many "seasoned" Linux veterans, especially since one never sees
any indication that the system isn't using the most optimal
settings. (Gee, all my kernel messages have looked fine....)
And using hdparm isn't completely without risk, but is well
worth investigating.
And it doesn't stop at performance: hdparm lets you adjust
various power saving modes as well. See the hdparm(8) for the
final word.
Many thanks to Mark Lord for putting together this nifty
utility. If your particular distribution doesn't include hdparm
(usually in /sbin or /usr/sbin), get it from the source at
http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/hardware/
Happy hacking!
Rob Flickenger is the O'Reilly Network's Systems Administrator
--
Enjoy Linux!
-----It's FREE!-----
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