Linux 版 (精华区)
发信人: clx (楚留香), 信区: Unix
标 题: The GNU Manifesto [GNU 计画立场声明]
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Sat Jun 27 17:41:50 1998), 转信
The GNU Manifesto [GNU 计画立场声明]
CLDP声明
本文是GNU计画的文件中译, 不属於CLDP的一部份, 也不是在
CLDP 计画下完成的. CLDP 基於Linux 与GNU计画的深厚渊源,
引用此文章, 希望让Linux的使用者对GNU有更进一步的了解.
小启
本文英文原文可於<http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html>
或者任何的emacs 附的文件中找到。
本文原文由Richard Stallman在GNU计划开始之初完成。 用以
寻求众人的参与及支持。刚开始几年有稍微的修正，以反应计
划的发展。因为很多人都看过本文，所以本文将会保持原状，
不再修改。
欲对GNU 计划有更详细的了解，请看<http://www.gnu.org/>
本文中译由萧永庆独立完成。本中译文谨代表译者对原文的 了
解，仅供参考之用，不能代表原作者本意, 原作者亦没有 正式
认证本文等价於其本意。本文的责任归属於译者，与原 作者无
关，如与原文有所出入应以原文为准。
如果您对译文有任何意见与指教，欢迎寄至
yhsiao@cae.wisc.edu， 以为下次更新参考。本中译文最後一
次更新为1997年11月。
本文为初稿, 欢迎来信指正.
Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman (Copying
permission notice at the end.)
本文版权由Richard M. Stallman 所有 这是1985年的文章
（版权声明在文末）
Copyright(C), 1995, 1997
What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
什麽是GNU ? Gnu 是 [Gnu's Not Unix] 的缩写.
GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for
the complete Unix-compatible software system which I am
writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who
can use it. Several other volunteers are helping me.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment
are greatly needed.
GNU, Gnu's Not Unix的缩写，是我正在写的一个与UNIX相容的
软体系统， 目的在於我能够自由的把此系统给想要用它的人。
有好几个自愿者在帮 我的忙。我们非常的需要（希望）您能够
贡献时间、金钱、程式或者是 机器。
So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for
writing editor commands, a source level debugger, a
yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and around
35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly
completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has
compiled itself and may be released this year. An
initial kernel exists but many more features are needed
to emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are
finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU
system suitable for program development. We will use
@TeX{} as our text formatter, but an nroff is being
worked on. We will use the free, portable X window
system as well. After this we will add a portable
Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and
hundreds of other things, plus on-line documentation.
We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
normally comes with a Unix system, and more.
到目前为止我们已经有了一个Emacs编辑器，可用Lisp写巨集命
令，一个原始 码层次的除错器，一个与yacc相容的语法分析程
式产生器，一个联结器， 和大概35个公用程式。有一个Shell
（命令解译器）已经几乎完成了。 一个新的、易於移植的
(portable)、有最佳化功能的Ｃ编译器已经可以自我编译， 可
以在今年发表了。有一个初期的核心但是需要更多的特性以模
拟UNIX 。当核心和编译器都结束後，我们就能够传播一个稳定
的，适合发展程式 的GNU 系统。我们会使用@TeX{}当我们的文
字排版器，但是也正在撰 写一个nroff 。我们也会用免费的、
portable的Ｘ视窗系统。之後我们 会加一个portable的Common
Lisp 、一个Empire游戏、一个试算表、和 其他各式各样的东
西，以及线上的文件。我们希望最後能提供一般UNIX 系统所能
提供的每一件有用的东西，甚至要更多。
GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be
identical to Unix. We will make all improvements that
are convenient, based on our experience with other
operating systems. In particular, we plan to have
longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
file system, filename completion perhaps,
terminal-independent display support, and perhaps
eventually a Lisp-based window system through which
several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can
share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as
system programming languages. We will try to support
UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
communication.
GNU 一定能够执行Unix的程式，但是不会和Unix完全一样。我
们会根据 我们在其它作业系统上的经验来改进所有可以增加便
利性的地方。特别是 我们计划拥有较长的档名、档案版本号
码、一个不怕当机的档案系统， 或许还要有自动档名补全、与
终端机无关的显示支援、可能最後还要有 一个以Lisp为基础的
视窗系统，可以使的好几个Lisp程式和普通的Unix 程式共同分
想一个萤幕。Ｃ和Lisp都将会成为系统的程式语言。我们会 设
法支援UUCP，MIT Chaosnet，及Internet的通讯协定。
GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000
class with virtual memory, because they are the easiest
machines to make it run on. The extra effort to make it
run on smaller machines will be left to someone who
wants to use it on them.
GNU 最初的目标是有虚拟计忆体，68000/16000 系列的机器，
因为这 是最容易发展程式来实现GNU 的机器。剩下来，让GNU
能在其它较小的机 器执行的工作，将会留给那些希望能在这些
机器上使用GNU 的人。
To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the `G'
in the word `GNU' when it is the name of this project.
为了避免可怕的混淆，请各位提到此计划的名字gnu 时务必要
把Ｇ 的音发出来。译注: gnu 音译 葛怒，非洲的大羚羊。
Who Am I?
我是谁？
I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original
much-imitated EMACS editor, formerly at the Artificial
Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked extensively on
compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp
Machine operating system. I pioneered
terminal-independent display support in ITS. Since then
I have implemented one crashproof file system and two
window systems for Lisp machines, and designed a third
window system now being implemented; this one will be
ported to many systems including use in GNU.
[Historical note: The window system project was not
completed; GNU now plans to use the X window system.]
我是Richard Stallman，是被很多编辑器模仿的Emacs 编辑器
的原创者， 先前在麻省理工学院人工智慧实验室任教。我当时
在编译器、编辑器、 除错器、命令解译器、Incompatible
Timesharing System 以及Lisp机 器皆有广泛的研究。从那时
起我就发展了一个不怕当机的档案系统及两 个Lisp机器的视窗
系统而且设计了第三个现在正在发展中的视窗系统； 这一个将
会移植到包括GNU 在内的很多系统上。〔按：这个视窗系统的
计画并没有完成；GNU 现在计画使用Ｘ视窗系统当作它的使用
者介面〕
Why I Must Write GNU
我为什麽一定要写GNU
I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like
a program I must share it with other people who like
it. Software sellers want to divide the users and
conquer them, making each user agree not to share with
others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users
in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a
nondisclosure agreement or a software license
agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other
inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far:
I could not remain in an institution where such things
are done for me against my will.
我把『如果我喜欢一个程式的话，那我就应该分享给其他喜欢
这个程 式的人』这句话当成我的座右铭。软体商欲个别击破使
用者，使他们同 意不把软体和他人分享。我拒绝以这种方式破
坏使用者的团结。我的良 心使我不会签下一个保密合约或是软
体授权合约。我在MIT AI实验 室对抗这种趋势和其他的不友善
好几年，但是最後事情糟糕到：我没办法 待在一个处理事情的
方法与我的意愿相违的机构。
So that I can continue to use computers without
dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient
body of free software so that I will be able to get
along without any software that is not free. I have
resigned from the AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse
to prevent me from giving GNU away.
为了我能不对不起良心[dishonor]下，继续使用电脑，我决定
要集合一足 够量的自由软体以使我能够不使用那些不自由的软
体。我离开AI实验室 为的就是不给MIT 有任何法律上的藉口来
阻止我把GNU 送给其他人。
Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix
为什麽 GNU 将会和 UNIX 相容
Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The
essential features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I
think I can fill in what Unix lacks without spoiling
them. And a system compatible with Unix would be
convenient for many other people to adopt.
UNIX并不是我理想的系统，但是它也不是太差。UNIX基本的特
性似乎是 蛮优良的，而且我想我能够在不牺牲原有特性之下加
进Unix缺少的东西 。况且一个和UNIX相容的系统可以让较多的
人容易接受。
How GNU Will Be Available
GNU 将要如何让他人取得
GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be
permitted to modify and redistribute GNU, but no
distributor will be allowed to restrict its further
redistribution. That is to say, proprietary
modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure
that all versions of GNU remain free.
GNU 不是公开的，没有约束的软体[public domain]。我们将会
允许每 一个人修改及传播 GNU 但是绝不允许传播者对他传播
的程式再加进其 他的限制。就是说， 不允许将修改後的程式
占为己有。我要确定 GNU 所有的版本皆能保持自由。
Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help
为什麽有很多程式设计者愿意帮忙
I have found many other programmers who are excited
about GNU and want to help.
我发现有很多程式设计者对GNU 感兴趣而且愿意帮忙 。
Many programmers are unhappy about the
commercialization of system software. It may enable
them to make more money, but it requires them to feel
in conflict with other programmers in general rather
than feel as comrades. The fundamental act of
friendship among programmers is the sharing of
programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
essentially forbid programmers to treat others as
friends. The purchaser of software must choose between
friendship and obeying the law. Naturally, many decide
that friendship is more important. But those who
believe in law often do not feel at ease with either
choice. They become cynical and think that programming
is just a way of making money.
很多程式设计者对系统软体商业化感到不悦。这可能使他们赚
更多的钱 ，但是大致上这使得他们有，与其他的程式设计者冲
突，而非大家 都是同志的感觉。程式设计者对友谊的最基本表
现就是把程式分享出来 ；而当前的市场竞争架构基本上禁止程
式设计者彼此之间视为朋友。软体 购买者必须在友谊和守法之
间做一选择。自然地，有很多选择了友谊比 较重要。但是那些
相信法律的人常常没办法安心的做下任一选择。他们 变得愤世
忌俗且认为写程式只不过是赚钱的一种方法而已。
By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary
programs, we can be hospitable to everyone and obey the
law. In addition, GNU serves as an example to inspire
and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing.
This can give us a feeling of harmony which is
impossible if we use software that is not free. For
about half the programmers I talk to, this is an
important happiness that money cannot replace.
透过撰写及使用GNU 而非私有的程式，我们可以热情的对待每
一个人并 且遵守法律。此外，GNU 更是一个激发与集结大家和
我们一起分享的典 □及号志。这样子能够给我们一种和谐的感
觉，这感觉是我们为那些不 自由的软体工作所不能得到的。大
概有一半和我谈过的程式设计师认为 这是一个金钱所不能替换
的、很重要的享受。
How You Can Contribute
你可以怎样贡献
I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of
machines and money. I'm asking individuals for
donations of programs and work.
我请电脑制造商捐献机器及金钱。我呼吁个人贡献程式与精力�
�
One consequence you can expect if you donate machines
is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The
machines should be complete, ready to use systems,
approved for use in a residential area, and not in need
of sophisticated cooling or power.
如果你贡献机器的话，你可以期待的一个结果就是GNU 可以早
点在你提 供的机器上面执行。机器必须是完整的、马上可用的
系统，可以在住宅 区内使用，而且不须要复杂的冷却及电力系
统。
I have found very many programmers eager to contribute
part-time work for GNU. For most projects, such
part-time distributed work would be very hard to
coordinate; the independently-written parts would not
work together. But for the particular task of replacing
Unix, this problem is absent. A complete Unix system
contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is
documented separately. Most interface specifications
are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix
utility, and make it work properly in place of the
original on a Unix system, then these utilities will
work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these
components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will
require closer communication and will be worked on by a
small, tight group.)
我发现有很多的程式师渴望为GNU 贡献部份□暇的精力。对大
部分的计 画而言，如此部份的、分散的工作非常难以协调；大
家独立写的各部份 可能没办法合在一起工作。但是就取代Unix
的特定任务来说就没有这个 问题。一个完整的Unix系统包括了
上百个工具程式，每一个程式都分别 有所描述。大部分的界面
规格都因Unix相容性的缘故而是固定的。如每 一个贡献者能够
写一个某个Unix工具的相容替代品，让它在Unix下能正 确的取
代原来程式的工作，那麽这些工具集合在一起时便能正常工
作。 即使让莫非定律再制造一些出乎意料的问题，把这些部份
组合起来仍然 是件可行的工作。（系统核心的工作就需要较密
切的沟通，且只有一群 紧密的小组能够参加）
If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a
few people full or part time. The salary won't be high
by programmers' standards, but I'm looking for people
for whom building community spirit is as important as
making money. I view this as a way of enabling
dedicated people to devote their full energies to
working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a
living in another way.
如果有人贡献金钱，那麽我就能够请几个全职或临时的人。以
程式师的 标准来说，这薪水不是很高，但是我要找的是那些认
为建立社区意识 [community spirit]和赚钱一样重要的人。我
认为提供奉献的人另一种 维持生计的方式是使他们能够全心全
力投入GNU 工作的一种方法。
Why All Computer Users Will Benefit
为什麽所有的电脑使用者都会受益
Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain
good system software free, just like air.
只要GNU 一写好，每个人都能够自由的取得优良的系统软体，
就像空气一 样。
This means much more than just saving everyone the
price of a Unix license. It means that much wasteful
duplication of system programming effort will be
avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
state of the art.
这不只是仅仅省下大家一笔Unix的版权费而已。这更意味著大
家可以避 免白白浪费掉重复设计系统的工作。这省下来的力气
可以转而增进此系 统的技术层次与品质。[ the state of the
art. ]
Complete system sources will be available to everyone.
As a result, a user who needs changes in the system
will always be free to make them himself, or hire any
available programmer or company to make them for him.
Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer
or company which owns the sources and is in sole
position to make changes.
每一个人都能取得完整的程式码。因此，需要更改系统的使用
者总是能 自由的自行修改之，或雇用任何能够胜任的程式师或
公司来替他做这件 事。使用者不在需要看某一个拥有原始码的
程式师或公司的脸色—如果 只有他们想作些更改的话。
Schools will be able to provide a much more educational
environment by encouraging all students to study and
improve the system code. Harvard's computer lab used to
have the policy that no program could be installed on
the system if its sources were not on public display,
and upheld it by actually refusing to install certain
programs. I was very much inspired by this.
学校将能够透过鼓励所有的学生学习及改进程式码的方式提供
更富教育性 的环境。哈佛的电脑实验室曾经有这样一个政策：
不允许一个不能公开展 示原始码的程式安装到系统里面，而且
拒绝安装某些程式以展示贯彻的决 心。我从这件事得到不少启
发。
Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the
system software and what one is or is not entitled to
do with it will be lifted.
最後，谁该拥有这个系统软体的顾虑及谁被允许或不允许运用
这软体做什 麽事的限制都会解除。
Arrangements to make people pay for using a program,
including licensing of copies, always incur a
tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome
mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
which programs) a person must pay for. And only a
police state can force everyone to obey them. Consider
a space station where air must be manufactured at great
cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be
fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all
night is intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay
the air bill. And the TV cameras everywhere to see if
you ever take the mask off are outrageous. It's better
to support the air plant with a head tax and chuck the
masks.
为了使使用程式者付费，包括授权数量，必须透过累赘的机制
来测量使用 者需要为哪个程式付出多少钱，总是使社会付出大
量的成本。而且只有警 方能使每个人都遵守之。考虑一个必须
用很高的成本制造空气的太空站： 对每呼吸一升空气收费可能
蛮公平的，但是成天带著空气记录器的口罩是 无法忍受的，即
使每个人都有能力付空气费。而且到处都是监视器检查你 是否
拿掉呼吸罩是一种侮辱。这还不如拿掉面罩，算人头缴税还比
较好。
Copying allor parts of a program is as natural to a
programmer as breathing, and as productive. It ought to
be as free.
拷贝大部份或部份的程式对一个程式师而言是和呼吸一样自然
且具 有生产力的事。 这应该是和呼吸一样自由的。
Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals
一些 GNU 的理想容易遭受反驳的地方
"Nobody will use it if it is free, because that
means they can't rely on any support."
『如果它是免费的话就没有人会用它，因为这表示 他们没
有任何协助可以依赖。』
"You have to charge for the program to pay for
providing the support."
『你必须对程式收费，用来支持提供支援服务所需之费
用。』
If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than
get GNU free without service, a company to provide just
service to people who have obtained GNU free ought to
be profitable.
如果有人宁愿花钱买有售後服务的GNU 而非免费得到没有服务
的GNU ， 一家专门为那些免费拿到GNU 的人提供服务的公司应
该会很赚钱。
We must distinguish between support in the form of real
programming work and mere handholding. The former is
something one cannot rely on from a software vendor. If
your problem is not shared by enough people, the vendor
will tell you to get lost.
我们必须辨别程式维修支援和纯服务支援方式上的不同。前者
是软体公 司所不 能依靠的。如果没有足够多的人和你有相同
的问题，软体公司 可能会让你陷入无助之地。
If your business needs to be able to rely on support,
the only way is to have all the necessary sources and
tools. Then you can hire any available person to fix
your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this
out of consideration for most businesses. With GNU this
will be easy. It is still possible for there to be no
available competent person, but this problem cannot be
blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.
如果你的事业需要倚靠支援服务，唯一的方法就是准备好一切
所需的原始码 和工具。然後你可以聘请任何一位可以胜任的人
来解决你的问题。你不 须任由某人摆布。就UNIX而言，原始码
的价钱让大部分的企业无法考虑 这种作法。用GNU 的话这就很
容易了。但是还是有可能找不到可以胜任 的人的情况，但是这
个问题不能怪罪传播的方法。GNU 并没有解决世界 上所有的问
题，只是其中的一部份而已。
Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers
need handholding: doing things for them which they
could easily do themselves but don't know how.
同时，对电脑一无所知得使用者须要帮助与服务：为他们做一
些他们自己能轻 易做到，但不晓得如何做的事。
Such services could be provided by companies that sell
just hand-holding and repair service. If it is true
that users would rather spend money and get a product
with service, they will also be willing to buy the
service having got the product free. The service
companies will compete in quality and price; users will
not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of
us who don't need the service should be able to use the
program without paying for the service.
这样子的服务可以由专门维修服务的公司提供。如果使用者真
的宁愿花 钱买一个有售後服务的软体，他们也将愿意为免费得
到的软体买些服务 。这些服务公司会在品质和价钱上竞争；使
用者将不会受限於特定的一 家公司。同时，我们这些不须要服
务的人也能够自由的使用程式而不须 要花钱在服务上。
"You cannot reach many people without advertising,
and you must charge for the program to support
that."
『没有广告的话你就没办法让很多人知道你的东西， 而你
必须对程式收钱以支持广告经费。』
"It's no use advertising a program people can get
free."
『广告一个别人可以免费得到的程式是没有用的。』
There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity
that can be used to inform numbers of computer users
about something like GNU. But it may be true that one
can reach more microcomputer users with advertising. If
this is really so, a business which advertises the
service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to
be successful enough to pay for its advertising and
more. This way, only the users who benefit from the
advertising pay for it.
有多种形式免费的或很便宜的传播媒介可以用来让不少的电脑
使用者知 道像GNU 之类的事。可是刊登广告可以触及更多微电
脑的使用者可能是 真的。如果是这样的话，一个刊登广告提供
拷贝及邮购GNU 的事业应该 可以赚得远超过它所投资的广告
费。在这种机制下，只有从广告中获益 的使用者才须要为之付
费。
On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their
friends, and such companies don't succeed, this will
show that advertising was not really necessary to
spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don't
want to let the free market decide this?
另一方面，如果很多人透过朋友拿到GNU ，而上述的事业没有
成功，这 就显示了GNU 并不须要借助广告来传播。为什麽自由
市场的拥护者不让 自由市场决定这件事？
"My company needs a proprietary operating system to
get a competitive edge."
『我的公司需要一个专属的作业系统才能够较有竞争力
。』
GNU will remove operating system software from the
realm of competition. You will not be able to get an
edge in this area, but neither will your competitors be
able to get an edge over you. You and they will compete
in other areas, while benefitting mutually in this one.
If your business is selling an operating system, you
will not like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your
business is something else, GNU can save you from being
pushed into the expensive business of selling operating
systems.
GNU 将会把系统软体移出竞争的领域。你将无法在这方面占有
优势，但同 样的你的对手也无法在这方面胜过你。你和他们会
在其他方面竞争，而在 这方面互相获益。如果你的事业就是卖
作业系统，你大概不会喜欢GNU ， 不过这会很为难你。如果你
的事业是其他方面的话，GNU 可以让你省下研 发作业系统所需
要的昂贵经费。
I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts
from many manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to
each.
我希望能见到GNU 的发展受到许多制造商及使用者的支持，以
减低双方的 发费。
"Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
creativity?"
『难道程式师不应该从他的创造力获得回报吗？』
If anything deserves a reward, it is social
contribution. Creativity can be a social contribution,
but only in so far as society is free to use the
results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
creating innovative programs, by the same token they
deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of
these programs.
如果有甚麽事值得回报的话，那非贡献社会莫数了。创造力可
以是一种 对社会的贡献，但是必须以社会能够自由使用其结果
为限。如果程式师 因写出创新的程式就应得到报酬的话，同理
如果他们对这些程式的使用 设限的话，他们也该受罚。
"Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward
for his creativity?"
『难道程式师不能为他的创造力要求报酬吗？』
There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or
seeking to maximize one's income, as long as one does
not use means that are destructive. But the means
customary in the field of software today are based on
destruction.
希望工作有薪水拿，或是使自己有最大的收入并没有什麽不对
的，只要 不要用破坏性的手段就可以了。但是在现今软体领域
内常用的手段却都 是以破坏/没建设性的手段为依归的。
Extracting money from users of a program by restricting
their use of it is destructive because the restrictions
reduce the amount and the ways that the program can be
used. This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity
derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are
deliberate destruction.
藉著限制一个程式的使用者的使用□围来获取金钱是具有破坏
性的，因 为那些限制减少了程式的应用□围。这减少了人类能
由此程式所得到的 财富。如果可以任意设定限制的话，其恶果
就是任意的破坏。
The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive
means to become wealthier is that, if everyone did so,
we would all become poorer from the mutual
destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden
Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result
if everyone hoards information, I am required to
consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the
desire to be rewarded for one's creativity does not
justify depriving the world in general of all or part
of that creativity.
一个好公民不会用这麽有破坏性的手段来致富的原因是，如果
大家都这 样做的话，我们会因为彼此的互相攻击而变得更穷。
这是不变的真理， 或者说是金科玉律。因为我不愿见到每个人
都藏私的後果，所以我认为 这样做是不对的。特别是，想要由
创造力获得报酬的欲望并不能当成利用 此创新来拨削这个世界
的借口。
"Won't programmers starve?"
『程式师会没工作而挨饿吗?』
I could answer that nobody is forced to be a
programmer. Most of us cannot manage to get any money
for standing on the street and making faces. But we are
not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing
on the street making faces, and starving. We do
something else.
我可以回答说，没有人被强迫当程式师啊！我们一般人没办法
站在街上 扮鬼脸就可以赚钱的。但是我们也因此不是注定要一
辈子站在街上扮鬼 脸，然後挨饿。我们还做其他的事。
But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the
questioner's implicit assumption: that without
ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly be
paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.
可是这种回答是错误的，因为它认同问题本身隐含的假设：如
果没有一 套软体的所有权的话，没有人会付程式师一毛钱。在
大家的想像里，这 好像是用二分法分开的，不是全有，就是全
无。
The real reason programmers will not starve is that it
will still be possible for them to get paid for
programming; just not paid as much as now.
让程式师不会挨饿的真正原因是他们仍然可以靠设计程式赚
钱。只是没 有像现在那麽多罢了。
Restricting copying is not the only basis for business
in software. It is the most common basis because it
brings in the most money. If it were prohibited, or
rejected by the customer, software business would move
to other bases of organization which are now used less
often. There are always numerous ways to organize any
kind of business.
限制软体的拷贝并不是做软体生意的唯一手段。这是最常用的
方法因为 这样子赚最多钱。如果这种方法被限制，或者被客户
拒绝的话，软体事 业就会用其他现在比较少用的方法。世上永
远有很多种方法来组织任何 一种事业的。
Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the
new basis as it is now. But that is not an argument
against the change. It is not considered an injustice
that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do.
If programmers made the same, that would not be an
injustice either. (In practice they would still make
considerably more than that.)
在此新的环境中，程式设计可能不再像现在有这麽高的利润。
但是这不 是用来反对这种改变的理由。没有人认为销售员目前
的薪水是不公平的 ，如果程式师赚一样多钱，那也不会不公平
了。（事实上，他们仍然可 以赚比这样多很多的钱。）
"Don't people have a right to control how their
creativity is used?"
『难道人们不应有控制他们的创造力该如何运用的权力吗
?』
"Control over the use of one's ideas" really
constitutes control over other people's lives; and it
is usually used to make their lives more difficult."
"控制某人如何运用他的点子" 实际上包含了控制他人的生活;
而且通常会使得他们的日子更难过。"
People who have studied the issue of intellectual
property rights carefully (such as lawyers) say that
there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property.
The kinds of supposed intellectual property rights that
the government recognizes were created by specific acts
of legislation for specific purposes.
像律师等仔细研究过智慧财产权问题的人认为实际上智慧财产
权并非固 有的( 天生的) 权力。政府所认同的那种智慧财产权
是为了特定的目的 而透过特别的立法程序创造出来的。
For example, the patent system was established to
encourage inventors to disclose the details of their
inventions. Its purpose was to help society rather than
to help inventors. At the time, the life span of 17
years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an
issue only among manufacturers, for whom the cost and
effort of a license agreement are small compared with
setting up production, the patents often do not do much
harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use
patented products.
举例而言, 专利制度是为了鼓励发明者公开他们的发明的详细
内容而设 的。他的目的是为了帮助整个社会，而不是发明者。
在那时候17年的专 利有效期相对於科技的进步是相当短的。因
为专利权只是制造商之间的 问题，而且对他们而言，签一个专
利合约的负担和量产比较可以说很小 ，所以专利权对他们而言
通常不会有什麽伤害。他们没有妨碍到使用专 利产品的个人。
The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times,
when authors frequently copied other authors at length
in works of non-fiction. This practice was useful, and
is the only way many authors' works have survived even
in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain
for which it was invented--books, which could be copied
economically only on a printing press--it did little
harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals who
read the books.
古时候并没有智慧财产权的概念，有一段很长的时间在非小说
的领域里 面，作者常常引用他人的作品。这种动作是非常有用
的，而且这也是很 多作者的作品能够部份被保留下来的唯一途
径。智慧财产权系统原是设 立来鼓励创作的。在智慧财产权原
先发明的领域（书籍）内，只有印刷 公司才能很经济的大量复
制的情况下，它并没有什麽害处，并且没有妨 碍到大部份的读
者。
All intellectual property rights are just licenses
granted by society because it was thought, rightly or
wrongly, that society as a whole would benefit by
granting them. But in any particular situation, we have
to ask: are we really better off granting such license?
What kind of act are we licensing a person to do?
所有的智慧财产权只不过是社会所给予的权限，因为不管这样
子的想法 是否正确，一般认为给予这个权利可以对这整个社会
有所帮助。但是 我们必须个案思考：我们给予这些权利後真的
变得更好了吗？我们到 底允取了什麽□围的授权？
The case of programs today is very different from that
of books a hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest
way to copy a program is from one neighbor to another,
the fact that a program has both source code and object
code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a
situation in which a person who enforces a copyright is
harming society as a whole both materially and
spiritually; in which a person should not do so
regardless of whether the law enables him to.
以今日程式软体的情况而言，是与一百年前的书籍的情况迥然
不同的。 拷贝一个程式最简单的方法就是向邻近的人索取，一
个程式有本质互异 的原始码与目的码，以及一个程式是拿来用
的，而不是用来阅读与娱乐 的本质，结合在一起形成了一个特
殊的情况；那就是一个人如果强行施 用智慧财产权的话，就会
对整个社会，不论是物质上或者是精神上，造 成伤害。所以一
个人不应该这样做，不管法律允不允许他这麽做。
"Competition makes things get done better."
『竞争可以促进进步』
The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the
winner, we encourage everyone to run faster. When
capitalism really works this way, it does a good job;
but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works
this way. If the runners forget why the reward is
offered and become intent on winning, no matter how,
they may find other strategies--such as, attacking
other runners. If the runners get into a fist fight,
they will all finish late.
竞争的典型例子就是赛跑了：透过给予胜利者奖品，我们鼓励
大家跑快 一点。资本主义就是这样运作的，而且这种机制做的
不错；但是他的支 持者却犯了一个错误，就是假设这种机制永
远是可行的。假设竞跑者忘 了给奖品的功用，而只求胜利的
话，无论如何，他们可能会使用其他的 手段—如，攻击其他的
跑者。如果赛跑变成了一场拳架的话，那大家都 会花更多的时
间到达终点。
Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent
of runners in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only
referee we've got does not seem to object to fights; he
just regulates them ("For every ten yards you run, you
are allowed one kick."). He really ought to break them
up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.
专属软体与秘密软体就是道德上等价於拳架中的跑者。我很难
过的说， 目前发现的唯一调停者好像并不反对打架；他仅仅节
制他们而已（你每 跑十码，可以踢一下）他真的应该把他们架
开，然後惩罚那些甚至仅有 打架意图的跑者。
"Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
incentive?"
『会不会因为没有金钱上的诱因而大家都停止写程式了
呢？』
Actually, many people will program with absolutely no
monetary incentive. Programming has an irresistible
fascination for some people, usually the people who are
best at it. There is no shortage of professional
musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope
of making a living that way.
实际上，有很多的人即使没有任何的酬劳也愿意写程式。写程
式对某些 人而言具有著难以抗拒的吸引力，通常是那些很精通
写程式的那群。即 使这样做几乎不可能以此维持他们的生计，
但是也从来不缺乏维持这种 原则的专业级音乐家。
But really this question, though commonly asked, is not
appropriate to the situation. Pay for programmers will
not disappear, only become less. So the right question
is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary
incentive? My experience shows that they will.
但是虽然这个问题常常被问到，却不是实际上会发生的状况。
付费给程 式师的状况不可能会消失，只是会便少而已。所以正
确的问题应该是， 有人愿意为一个较少的酬劳写程式吗？我的
经验告诉我真的有人愿意。
For more than ten years, many of the world's best
programmers worked at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
for far less money than they could have had anywhere
else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame
and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also
fun, a reward in itself.
有超过十年的时间，全世界有很多顶尖的程式设计者在ＭＩＴ
的人工智 慧实验室工作；并且拿了较别处少的钱。他们得到了
很多非金钱上的回 馈，例如：名誉和激赏。而且创造也很有
趣，它本身就是一种报酬。
Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the
same interesting work for a lot of money.
然後他们之中的大部分如果能得到一个一样有趣，而且有很多
钱的工作 机会时就离去了。
What the facts show is that people will program for
reasons other than riches; but if given a chance to
make a lot of money as well, they will come to expect
and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in
competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have
to do badly if the high-paying ones are banned.
这个事实显示了人还是会为了财富以外的东西写程式；但是如
果有个赚 大钱的机会，那他们就会期待、争求它。薪资低的组
织的竞争力一定比 薪资高的组织差，但是如果禁止高薪政策的
话那就不一定较差的。
"We need the programmers desperately. If they
demand that we stop helping our neighbors, we have
to obey."
『我们非常迫切的需要程式员。如果他们要我们停止帮助
邻近的夥伴的话，我们就要听他们的话。』
You're never so desperate that you have to obey this
sort of demand. Remember: millions for defense, but not
a cent for tribute!
你永远不会迫切到必须遵从这种要求的地步。记住一句话：宁
愿花几百 万来做防御工事，也不愿进贡一分钱。(millions
for defense, but not a cent for tribute!)
"Programmers need to make a living somehow."
『无论如何程式设计师也要维持生计啊!』
In the short run, this is true. However, there are
plenty of ways that programmers could make a living
without selling the right to use a program. This way is
customary now because it brings programmers and
businessmen the most money, not because it is the only
way to make a living. It is easy to find other ways if
you want to find them. Here are a number of examples.
短程而言，这是真的。无论如何，程式师还有很多不需要贩卖
软体使用 权也可以维持生计的方法。贩卖软体使用权是目前普
遍的方法是因为它 帮程式师和商人赚最多的钱，而不是因为他
是维持生计的唯一方法。如 果你愿意找其他方法的话也很容
易。这里就有几个□例：
A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for
the porting of operating systems onto the new hardware.
一个制造出新的电脑系统的制造商要负责出移植作业系统到新
机器的钱。
The sale of teaching, hand-holding and maintenance
services could also employ programmers.
教学、软体维修等服务也需要程式师。
People with new ideas could distribute programs as
freeware, asking for donations from satisfied users, or
selling hand-holding services. I have met people who
are already working this way successfully.
有新点子的人可以把他们的程式以freeware的形式流出，然後
要求满意 的使用者捐献，或者是提供支援服务等。我遇过用这
种方法闯出一片 天地的人。
Users with related needs can form users' groups, and
pay dues. A group would contract with programming
companies to write programs that the group's members
would like to use.
有相同需求的使用者可以组成使用者组织，然後缴会费。一个
团体可以和 程式设计公司前合约写一些该组织成员有兴趣使用
的软体。
All sorts of development can be funded with a Software
Tax:
各种的研发工作可以由软体税的基金支持。
Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x
percent of the price as a software tax. The government
gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend on
software development.
假设每个买电脑的人都要付ｘ％的钱作为软体税。然後政府把
这笔钱交 给一个类似FSF 的组织负责软体的发展。
But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software
development himself, he can take a credit against the
tax. He can donate to the project of his own
choosing--often, chosen because he hopes to use the
results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.
但是如果电脑购买者对软体的发展有所贡献的话，那他可以减
税。他可 以自己选择要贡献哪个计画—通常选那些他最希望能
够做到的计画。减 税可以依贡献程度减到抵消掉全部的税为
止。
The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the
payers of the tax, weighted according to the amount
they will be taxed on.
而软体税率可依总纳税额决定，其比重可以由纳税人投票决
定。
The consequences:
the computer-using community supports software
development.
this community decides what level of support is
needed.
users who care which projects their share is spent
on can choose this for themselves.
这样的结果是:
电脑的使用者团体支持软体的发展。
此团体决定该有什麽样程度的支援。
那些关心自己需求的计画的使用者可以参加该计画的进行�
�
In the long run, making programs free is a step toward
the post-scarcity world, where nobody will have to work
very hard just to make a living. People will be free to
devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as
programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a
week on required tasks such as legislation, family
counseling, robot repair and asteroid prospecting.
There will be no need to be able to make a living from
programming.
长远来看，免费的提供软体是迈向不虞匮乏的世界的一步骤，
在那世界 里没有人需要为了生计而辛勤的工作。在每个星期花
了固定的十小时做 些必要的工作，如立法、家庭会议、修理机
器人和探索小型星後，大家 会有时间从事些有趣的活动，例如
写程式。那时候就不须要靠写程式来 过活了。
We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that
the whole society must do for its actual productivity,
but only a little of this has translated itself into
leisure for workers because much nonproductive activity
is required to accompany productive activity. The main
causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles
against competition. Free software will greatly reduce
these drains in the area of software production. We
must do this, in order for technical gains in
productivity to translate into less work for us.
我们（利用现有的科技）已经大量减少了达到目前生产力所需
要的工作 量，但是只有其中的一部份转化成工作者的□暇，因
为要达到有生产力 的活动往往伴随著很多没有生产力的活动。
主要的肇因是官僚系统和各 种角力对竞争的阻碍。自由软体的
观念在软体的生产上可以大大的减少 这些羁绊。为了使科技对
生产力的增益能实质上减少我们的工作量，我 们必须这麽做
[GNU计划]。
Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
本文版权为Richard M. Stallman所有, Copyright (C) 1985
Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute
verbatim copies of this document as received, in any
medium, provided that the copyright notice and
permission notice are preserved, and that the
distributor grants the recipient permission for further
redistribution as permitted by this notice.
任何人在拿到这文件的同时便受予他以任何媒体复制与传播本
文章 没有更改的原文的权利，前题是本版权宣告与授权声明必
须保留不 动，而且散播者必须受予接受者如同本声明一样再次
传播的权利。
Modified versions may not be made.
本文不允许任何更改。
--
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