Matlab 版 (精华区)
发信人: jq (冰城唐三藏), 信区: Matlab
标 题: 第二节:Matlab的常见问题
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年09月21日08:09:38 星期六), 站内信件
1)Matlab 6.X在Windows 2000/XP上无法启动
:#highsun,2001/3/2, SMTH/NewSoftware #
其实也出来很久了,不知大家有没有注意到.
虽然是针对繁体中文系统的,我试过在简体
中文系统下一样可以用。
http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/data/26985.shtml
http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/data/26990.shtml
Solution Number: 26990
Date Last Modified: 2001-01-30
Product: MATLAB 6.0 ==> Current Version
Platform: Windows
Problem Description
Why do I encounter problems when running MATLAB 6.0 (R12) on Hebrew
or
Traditional Chinese (Taiwan) Windows? I try to start MATLAB but after
the splash screen disappears, MATLAB exits.
PLEASE NOTE: This solution only applies to MATLAB 6.0. If you have a
similar problem with MATLAB 5.0 or the Student Edition of MATLAB 5.0,
see solution 7213.
Solution:
This problem is caused by a bug in one of the font properties files
we
ship
with MATLAB. The font.properties file is used by Java to map the
stand
ard
Java font names to system fonts for a particular language operating
sy
stem.
However, we made a few assumptions that do not hold for the Hebrew
or
Traditional Chinese Windows, causing this problem.
We have created a fixed version of the mwt.jar file that you can
use t
o
correct this. To use the fix, first rename your mwt.jar file as
mwt.ol
d.
This file is found in the $MATLAB\java\jar directory, where $MATLAB
is
your
MATLAB root directory. Then download the newer mwt.jar file from:
ftp://ftp.mathworks.com/pub/tech-support/solutions/s26990
and place it in your $MATLAB\java\jar directrory. Then restart
MATLAB;
this should correct the problem you're seeing.
2)我有一组x,y,z值,非规则排列,如何在Matlab中绘图?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/12, BigGreen/MathTools #
参见第一节问题7)
3)如何在给定句柄的axis里绘图?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/12, SMTH/MathTools #
plot(data,'parent',haxis);
或者
hbar=bar(data);
set(hbar,'parent',haxis);
4)由Matlab符号运算得到的公式怎么才能将数据代进去运算?
:#ramjet (德芙)2002/3/3, SMTH/MathTools #
使用subs(),或先将值赋予一个符号变量,然后用eval()
5)在Matlab中如何求最值点?如何求一维数组的极值?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/18, SMTH/MathTools#
最值:
一维或多维数组最值用max(data(:))
如果想返回最值所在的位置,用[Y,I]=max(data)
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2001/4/21,UESTC/Math#
极值:
data是你的数据,
find(diff(sign(diff(data)))==-2)+1
找到极大值的位置
find(diff(sign(diff(data)))==2)+1
找到极小值的位置
data(find(diff(sign(diff(data)))==-2)+1)和
data(find(diff(sign(diff(data)))==2)+1)
返回的是极大值和极小值
6)Matlab中如何作线性拟合/线性回归/多元线性回归?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21, BigGreen/MathTools #
即用y=a*x+b来拟合一组数据{{x1,y1},{x2,y2}…{xn,yn}}
matlab中使用polyfit
x=data(:,1);
y=data(:,2);
p=polyfit(x,y,1);
p(1)为斜率a,p(2)为截距b
多元线性回归即用y=a1*x1+a2*x2+..+am*xm来拟合数据点{x1i,x2i,…xmi,yi}
(i=1~n)
|x11,x21,…xm1|
A=|x12,x22,…xm2|
|…………… |
|x1n,x2n,…xmn|
Y={y1,y2,y3,…,yn}'
则系数{a1,a2,…,am}'=pinv(A)*Y
在matlab中使用
coeff=A\Y
则可以得到最小二乘意义上的拟合系数
7)Matlab中如何作圆回归?
:#Peter Boettcher (boettcher@ll.mit.edu),2002/5/16, comp.soft-sys.matlab#
Q5.5: How can I fit a circle to a set of XY data?
=================================================
An elegant chunk of code to perform least-squares circle fitting
wa
s
written by Bucher Izhak and has been floating around the newgroup
for
some time. The first reference to it that I can find is in:
function [xc,yc,R,a] = circfit(x,y)
%CIRCFIT Fits a circle in x,y plane
%
% [XC, YC, R, A] = CIRCFIT(X,Y)
% Result is center point (yc,xc) and radius R.A is an
optiona
l
% output describing the circle's equation:
%
% x^2+y^2+a(1)*x+a(2)*y+a(3)=0
% by Bucher izhak 25/oct/1991
n=length(x); xx=x.*x; yy=y.*y; xy=x.*y;
A=[sum(x) sum(y) n;sum(xy) sum(yy) sum(y);sum(xx) sum(xy)
sum
(x)];
B=[-sum(xx+yy) ; -sum(xx.*y+yy.*y) ; -sum(xx.*x+xy.*y)];
a=A\B;
xc = -.5*a(1);
yc = -.5*a(2);
R = sqrt((a(1)^2+a(2)^2)/4-a(3));
Tom Davis provided a more sophisticated approach that works for
mor
e
cases in and Code included.
8)Matlab中如何绘制箭头?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21, SMTH/MathTools #
到http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/index.jsp
2-D Plotting and Graphics中查找arrow.m,或者
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/spotlight/arrows.shtml
http://www.math.umd.edu/~jec/matcomp/matcompmfiles/mfiles.html
9)Matlab中如何作二维数据的插值?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21, BigGreen/MathTools #
对于一维、二维、三维规则数据点阵使用interp1/interp2/interp3,
二维、三维非规则数据用griddata/griddata3
10)Matlab中如何绘制三维数据阵?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21, BigGreen/MathTools #
如果使用matlab,打开帮助窗口,在目录树上找到
MATLAB\Using Matlab\3-D Visualization: Volume Visualization
Techniques
如果图形复杂,建议使用Tecplot,参见Tecplot手册中数据格式,将你
的三维数据读入Tecplot,双击zone,可以设置mesh/contour/surface
transparency等。
在Field菜单中有3D Iso-surface Details和3D Slice Details,可以绘制等值
面和任意平面的截面图。
11)Matlab中如何注解一大段代码?
:#misc,2002/6/21, SMTH/MathTools #
if(0)
大段的代码
end
12)Matlab中如何计算程序运行的时间?
:#misc,2002/6/21, SMTH/MathTools #
tic
your_code;
toc
或者使用
t=cputime;
your_operation;
cputime-t
13)Matlab中如何改变默认的工作路径?
:#SindyGong, 2002/4/7, SMTH/MathTools #
编辑一个startup.m文件,其中cd yourpath
或者在X:\matlab\toolbox\local\matlabrc.m的最后添加cd yourpath
参见:
http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/data/25164.shtml
14)Matlab如何改变默认的图形字体?
:#comp.soft-sys.matlab FAQ#
编辑一个startup.m文件,其中
set(0,'DefaultObjectnamePropertyName',Value)
或者在X:\matlab\toolbox\local\matlabrc.m的最后添加
set(0,'DefaultObjectnamePropertyName',Value)
15)如何在Matlab中实现交互操作?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
如果只在命令窗口进行交互操作,请参见demo中的例子,主要是
通过input命令和pause/clear/disp等实现的,还有一些窗口资源可以使
用:
uigetfile,uiputfile,uiwait,uisetcolor,uisetfont, uiopen,uisave
inputdlg,msgbox,helpdlg,questdlg,warndlg,errordlg
16)Matlab中为什么只能在小数点后显示四位?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
用format命令来改变命令窗口数字的显示格式和精度,但不会影
响matlab的计算精度,matlab的矩阵运算默认都是双精度浮点型运算。
17)Matlab如何在命令窗口按照格式输出?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,SMTHTools #
fprintf(1,"your_format_string",var1,var2,…);
18)如何在Matlab中画隐函数曲线?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
在http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/index.jsp
查找implicit,会找到一个Arthur Jutan写的implot.m
Mathematica中绘制隐函数用ImplicitPlot[]
或者ImplicitPlot3D[]
Maple中为implicitplot(),implicitplot3d()
参见
http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~fangq/MATH/download/source/Implicit
Plot3D.htm
19)Matlab中什么函数可以删除矩阵的某一行或列?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
A(j,:)=[]; %删除A的第j行
A(:,i)=[]; %删除A的第i列
20)Matlab中能开的最大数组是由什么决定的?
:# chenft (mike),2002/6/1, SMTH/MathTools #
I have had similar problems. Below is an explanation I received from
Ian
Boyd
from Mathworks (just giving credit where credit is due) that explains
what's happening. You solution is to run matlab with the -nojvm mode.
"The heap memory system in JAVA consists of data and handle elements.
When you allocate a variable you get a handle and data. As long as
data
has an
associated handle, the JVM considers it valid and will not clean it
up.
However, when you call the clear function in MATLAB, all handles are
destroyed, and the data associated is now invalid. This means that
the
JAVA
engine can free up that data (garbage collection), but does not mean
that it will clean it up at that moment.
Calling the PACK command encourages JAVA to run the garbage collector
and de-fragment the memory. But it does not force it to (This is
part
of the JAVA design). Even though the memory is 'freed' on the heap,
it is not actually free to the OS, it is only free to the JVM. Here
is one way to think of it:
[MATLAB]
[JAVA]
[OS]
MATLAB runs on JAVA (virtual machine), and Java runs on the OS
(physical
machine). So when MATLAB is running in JAVA mode memory allocations
are requested from the JRE, not the OS.
One problem you may be running into is that the default maximum JAVA
hea
p
size is relatively low ( <= 64 MB), so that is all the memory one
sessio
n
of MATLAB will ever get on your system.
The good news is that you can increase this value. You will need to
crea
te
a java.opts file in $MATLAB/bin/$ARCH (or in the current directory
when
you
start MATLAB) and put the following command:
%%%BEGIN CODE%%%
maxHeapSize = 268435456
%%%END CODE%%%
This will give you 256MB of JVM memory and you can adjust the
parameter
as needed.
Note: $MATLAB is the root directory and $ARCH is your system
architecture. This solution works on Windows as well as Solaris,
Linux,
Alpha, and SGI. A similar operation is possible on IBM and HPUX, but
wit
h
a different syntax.
For the 1.1.8 JVM (Windows, Linux, Solaris, Alpha, SGI) our defaults
are
:
minHeapSize = 16000000
maxHeapSize = 64000000
These are the structure field names in that correspond to -ms and
-mx, and the settings above are roughly 16MB and 64MB.
To investigate the Java heap a bit, ask via the following:
>> java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime.totalMemory
>> java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime.freeMemory
When the free memory hits zero, Java will double the heap size (up to
th
e
maximum setting).
If you choose to run without Java, you will remove the overhead of the
middle man, but you will also lose some MATLAB functionality (mostly
graphics and the Editor). You will still have most of the
computational
power though.
Without JAVA, memory management will come directly from the OS, and a
CLEAR operation will result in memory being freed back to the OS.
21)如何在Matlab中添加新的工具箱?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
如果是Matlab安装光盘上的工具箱,重新执行安装程序,选中即可。
如果是单独下载的工具箱,一般情况下仅需要把新的工具箱解压到某
个目录,然后用addpath(对于多个目录的使用genpath())或者pathtool添
加工具箱的路径,然后用which newtoolbox_command.m来检验是否可
以访问。如果能够显示新设置的路径,则表明该工具箱可以使用了。
具体请看工具箱自己代的README文件。
22)如何读写Matlab的.mat文件?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
文件结构参见:
http://www.mathworks.de/access/helpdesk/help/pdf_doc/matlab/matfile_f
ormat.pdf
http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/data/8757.shtml
ftp://ftp.mathworks.com/pub/tech-support/solutions/s8757/readmemat.txt
建议使用matlab自己提供的函数来读写简单安全,或者参考:
http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~fangq/MATH/download/source/mat_file
.txt
来自matlab的c math library
23)如何得到contour线上的坐标点?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
lcount=5;
[c,h]=contour(peaks,lcount);
x=get(h,'xdata');
y=get(h,'ydata');
这里得到的x和y都是cell数组,用x{1}/y{1}来得到每条线上的坐标对,
注意,每条线的最后一个数据是NaN
24)如何将Matlab绘制的三维网格图帖到word里?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
如果需要位图,好处是所见即所得,坏处是图像精度差,不能放缩:
1.用拷屏 Alt+PrintScreen
2.在图形窗口菜单Edit\Copy Options….\选择Bitmap,可以选择透
明背景,然后Edit\Copy Figure
如果需要拷贝矢量图:
在图形窗口菜单Edit\Copy Options….\选择Metafile,然后
Edit\Copy Figure,在Word中粘贴
经常地,按照Metafile方式粘贴的图片曲线会出现锯齿,最好的方式是
使用eps文件:
1.将需要拷贝的图作为当前窗口
2.再转换到matlab命令窗口,print -deps filename.eps
3.-deps还可以用depsc,deps2,depsc2
4.在word中插入图片,选中该eps,如果是word 2000以前版本
,不会显示图片内容,但可以打印,word XP即可显示,又可打印。
5.如果不满意,可以在word中双击编辑,如果安装有Adobe
Illustrator等矢量图像编辑软件,也可以进行编辑。
25)请问可以查看Matlab中函数的源代码吗?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
Matlab除了buildin函数和mex/dll文件看不到原码,其他如工具箱等都可
以直接看到代码,首先确认该文件安装在matlab中,即which
filename.m存在,然后可以edit filename.m
26)Matlab有没有求矩阵行数/列数/维数的函数?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
ndims(A)返回A的维数
size(A)返回A各个维的最大元素个数
length(A)返回max(size(A))
[m,n]=size(A)如果A是二维数组,返回行数和列数
nnz(A)返回A中非0元素的个数
27)Matlab中如何中断运算?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
在命令窗口按Ctrl+C,在UNIX/LINUX会立即中断运算,在Windows可
能由于操作系统的原因,有时会出现死机和等待的情况。
28)Matlab中有没有画圆或椭圆的函数?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
没有,Matlab没有提供直接绘圆的图元函数,需要自己写代码,其实
就两句:
sita=0:pi/20:2*pi;
plot(r*cos(sita),r*sin(sita)); %半径为r的圆
plot(a*cos(sita+fi),b *sin(sita+fi)); %椭圆
如果是单位圆,可以使用rectangle('Curvature', [1 1])
29)Matlab下如何定义整形
:#修改:fhorse (马不停蹄),2002/6/21,SMTH/MathTools #
Matlab默认的矩阵数据结构都是双精度浮点型,即64位来表示一个数
字,大多数的函数和操作都定义在double数据结构,如果你需要
把double的数据转换为整形,然后再参与运算,需要使用
double(int32(x))或者floor/round/ceil等函数
如果为了节省内存,只进行赋值、打印等简单操作,可以参
见uint8/uint16/uint32命令的帮助
30)Matlab如何产生均匀分布的白噪声?
:#misc,2002/6/21,SMTH/MathTools #
help rand 均匀分布百噪声
help randn高斯分布百噪声
31)在Matlab中debug的时候能否跟踪变量的?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),2002/6/21,BigGreen/MathTools #
可以,如果使用medit,设置断点后可以用鼠标移到所看的变量上,显
示当前的值,或者在命令窗口打该变量名直接回车。如果在代码中实
现调试断点等功能,参
见dbstop,dbcont,dbstep,dbclear,dbtype,dbstack,dbup,dbdown,dbstatus,
dbquit
32)请问在Matlab中怎样输入特殊符号啊或者上标、下标?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu),southerner(笑着),2002/6/6,SMTH/MathTools
#
matlab的text/title/xlabel/ylabel对象支持简单的TeX排版语法,如希腊字
母,上下标等例如
text(0.5,0.5,'\alpha^\beta_2');
33)Matlab中如何后台运行一个DOS程序?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/6/4. BigGreen/en_Matlab#
这里是一个后台执行一个需要外部输入的DOS命令的例子,需要的输
入实事先都写在同目录下的input.txt文件中:
dos('myexe < input.txt &')
34)Matlab如何加载输入文件(批处理模式) ?
:#翻译自:comp.sys-soft.Matlab FAQ. BigGreen/en_Matlab#
PC上可以使用matlab /r参数来在matlab启动的时候直接加载运行m文件
,在UNIX上,使用
matlab < MyMFile > MyOutputFile
来外部执行MyMFile,
以上执行方式都可以通过脚本文件实现批处理
35)Matlab如何启动时执行规定的文件?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/5/29.BigGreen/en_Matlab#
参见上一个问题的回答
36)如何在Matlab GUI中使用图形背景?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/5/29.BigGreen/en_Matlab#
这是一个简单的例子:
[A,map]=imread('yourimg.gif');
imagesc(A)
colormap(map)
set(gca,'position',[0 0 1 1])
axis off
ax2=axes('position',[0.2,0.2,0.6,0.6]);
plot(rand(1,10),'parent',ax2);
set(ax2,'color','none')
37)大量数据点Matlab绘图为什么很慢?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/6/22.BigGreen/en_Matlab#
1.首先看能否用已有函数对整个矩阵绘图,比
如mesh/plot3/trimesh等
2.如果必须一点一点/或者一条线一条线的添加,最好作如下
设置:
doublebuffer=on
erasemode=none
backingstore=off
renderer=opengl
以及参考MathWorks对于高速绘图的tips:
http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/v5/1200/1203.shtml,
38)Matlab中如何求解广义积分?即积分限到有无穷的或者有歧
异点的积分(瑕积分)?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/6/22. BigGreen/en_Matlab#
Matlab的quad/quad8只能作定积分,广义积分需要自己来写程序逼近,
流程大概如下:
1.设定收敛限epsi
2.把为inf/-inf或者歧义点的积分限设置为一个初始值,k=1
3.计算定积分Q(k)
4.然后朝着inf/-inf或者歧义点移动一个步长,然后计算定积分
Q(k+1)
5.判断(abs(Q(k+1)-Q(k))
QuasiMonteCarlo或者Oscillatory]
39)为什么我的Matlab程序这么慢?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/6/22. BigGreen/en_Matlab#
我们工学院的收发室的门上贴着一张小纸条,写的是
"Our policy is always blaming the computer"
大多数的人在遇到问题的时候,总是责备计算机如何如何,别人如何
如何,其实,最最主要的因素是在于自己。
一个程序运行快慢,有很多因素决定,最主要的是算法,简炼而优美
的的数学公式胜过100遍的优化。能从算法上改进,才能比别人有根
本的优势。计算机也很重要,以前我总把自己用的PC看成万能的加
以崇拜,对UNIX嗤之以鼻,结果当自己真正开始算起来,才知道差
别有多大。搞大型数值计算的,没有好的工作站或者并行系统,就输
在了起跑线上了。然后是程序的优化,看看变量是否占用太多内存,
看看是否有功能重复的模块或者计算,经常的是用牺牲内存来换取速
度,具体取舍,具体需要来决定。用profile看看哪些语句占用时间最
多,然后把核心部分进行优化。
如果是使用Matlab,使用vectorization和矩阵整体操作的代码要比大量
的for循环快很多,eval/inline函数如果出现在核心循环,也会让速度下
降几时倍的。
40).Matlab中如何作非线性回归?
:#FangQ(Qianqian.Fang@Dartmouth.Edu), 2002/6/22. BigGreen/en_Matlab#
请参考
http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/data/10652.shtml
matlab默认只提供了多项式拟合的函数polyfit,对于其他稍微简单
一点的拟合,如标准的指数、对数、高阶多项式拟合,都有解析公式,参见:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeastSquaresFitting.html
对于更加复杂的非线性函数,建议使用Mathematica或者DataFit
Mathematica中提供了Fit[],以及
<< Statistics`NonlinearFit`
NonlinearFit[],NonlinearRegress[]
可以拟合任意复杂的表达式。
DataFit可以自定义拟合模型,适用于复杂系统的拟合。
--
佛说:当你历经九九八十一难以后,你就可以修成正果.
于是怀着崇拜和虔诚,我不远千里踏上了磨难的历程,
只为见到那心目中神圣的大雷音寺......
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