Network 版 (精华区)
作 家: cocacola (cocacola) on board 'Networking'
题 目: Internet 名词总汇
来 源: 哈尔滨紫丁香站
日 期: Sun Sep 29 17:56:35 1996
出 处: jqc@pclinux.hit.edu.cn
A
ADN - Advanced Digital Network. Normally refers to a 56K/bps leased-line.
Alias - A name that points to another name. Aliases are used to make the
original name easier to remember or to protect the site's identity.
Anchor - An HTML term for the destination end of a link. (The site to which
you are linking your page.)
Archie - A program that catalogs files on over 1,000 Internet servers.
applet - A small (mini) program that adds functionality to another program.
JAVA is a popular software language that creates applets for use over the
Internet.
anonymous FTP - Sites (servers) that allow anyone access to download files
(usually software).
AOL (America Online)- A popular commercial online service with an
easy-to-use graphical interface.
ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network) - The
forerunner to the Internet.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - The world-wide
standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all
upper/lowercase Latin letters and numbers.
Authentication - A method for identifying a user prior to granting
permission to access, change, or delete information in a system. The most
common type of authentication is a user password.
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B
Backbone - A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major
pathway within a computer network.
Bandwidth - The width or amount of information you can send through a
connection. Usually measured in bits-per-second.
baud rate - "Speed" of a communications device (modem) in bits-per- second
(bps).
BBS - Bulletin Board System (a.k.a. electronic bulletin board). A BBS
usually consists of a PC, modem, and communication software attached to one
or more phone lines. Callers dial up the BBS and are able to download
software, and send and receive messages.
Binhex (BINary HEXadecimal) - A method for converting non-text files
(non-ASCII) into ASCII.
bit - The smallest unit in the binary system. A bit is represented by a 0
or a 1 in binary notation.
BITNET (Because It's Time NETwork) - A wide area educational network that
is part of the Internet.
bounce - E-mail that does not go through is said to have "bounced."
Bps (Bits-per-second) - The speed that data is moved from one place to
another. A "28.8-baud modem" can move 28,800 bits-per-second.
Browser - An Internet application that lets users travel (surf) the World
Wide Web (WWW)
byte - A unit in the binary system. Eight bits equals a byte, and one byte
represents a character in our alphabet.
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C
CERN - A high energy physics research laboratory located in Geneva,
Switzerland that was the origin of the World Wide Web.
CGI - Common Gateway Interface. A language that works with HTML to improve
the capabilities of a homepage.
Client/Server - A computing paradigm where processing is divided between an
(graphical front-end) application running on a user's desktop machine and a
(back-end) server that performs intensive processing tasks in response to
client requests.
compression - A process that reduces the size of a file. Compressed files
take up less space on computers and can be transferred more quickly.
CompuServe - One of the largest and the oldest commercial online services.
Crawlers (also called search engines) - Programs designed to search and
categorize the World Wide Web.
CU-SeeMe - A free video-conferencing program (under copyright of Cornell
University.)
Cyberpunk - The term grew out of the work of William Gibson and Bruce
Sterling and has evolved into a cultural label encompassing many different
kinds of human, machine, and punk attitudes of those who inhabit
Cyberspace.
Cyberspace - Term originated by author William Gibson in his novel
"NEUROMANCER." The word Cyberspace is currently used to describe that space
where people communicate through electronic computer networks.
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D
Daemon - A program that runs continuously on UNIX machines. Daemon programs
are key to running e-mail and web servers.
database - A computer file that contains any type of data. Once information
is collected in these files, they can be queried to provide organized
informational reports.
DNS - Domain Name Service. An Internet service that allows us to use
symbolic names (www.gm.com) instead of IP addresses (129.219.55.217) when
contacting computers connected to the Internet.
domain name - A unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain names
always have 2 or more parts, separated by dots. www.asu.edu
domain name server - A server (computer) that tracks other machines and
their numeric IP addresses. When a computer is referred to by name, a
domain name server puts that name into the numeric IP address assigned to
that computer.
download - File transfer from a server computer to the client computer.
downstream - Usenet users who get their news from you are "downstream" from
the information flow.
Dr. Web - A group of dedicated individuals who answer Web-related
questions. Dr. Web
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E
E-mail - Software that lets users exchange messages across a network.
E-mail is the electronic version of a letter sent by the postal system.
Editor - Program used to edit a file, such as programming languages, markup
languages, text formats, etc. Common editors are Simple Text for the Mac
and Multi-pad for the PC.
Element - A basic unit of text within a descriptive markup language.
Ethernet - A network access method developed by Digital Equipment
Corporation, Intel, and Xerox in the early 1970's. Ethernet is the most
widely used LAN technology.
Eudora - A graphic e-mail program for Windows and Mac users. Shareware
versions are available, but the full commercial version allows additional
options.
Extension - The last three characters located after the period of an MS-DOS
file name.
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F
FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions. A list of commonly asked questions with
their answers.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) - A standard for transmitting data
on optical fiber cables at approximately 10 times faster than Ethernet.
Fire Wall - A combination of hardware and software that separates a
computer network from some areas of the Internet.
Flame - The term originally meant to carry on in a passionate manner in the
spirit of honorable debate. Now, however, it generally means to use harsh
or crude remarks to another via e-mail.
Freenet - Computer networks and BBSs that provide free Internet access,
many times through schools and libraries.
freeware - Free software that is available on the Internet! Generally, you
can use it and distribute it but not modify it because of author rights.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol. The Internet protocol that provides network
file transfer between any two networks.
Finger - An Internet software tool for locating people on other Internet
sites.
FYI - For Your Information.
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G
Gateway - Hardware or software that translates between two dissimilar
protocols. Most commercial online services have a gateway that translates
between its internal, proprietary e-mail format, and Internet e-mail
format.
.gif (Graphics Interchange Format) - A compressed graphics file format
(extension), widely used in HTML.
Gopher - A successful system of making menus of material available over the
Internet developed by the University of Minnesota. Gopher uses a standard
Client and Server style program.
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H
hacker - A person who is a computer guru who uses his expertise to "hack"
into others computers.
header - The top part of an e-mail message that contains information about
who, where, when it was sent.
homepage - Usually the first page of a World Wide Web site.
Host - A server computer on a network that is a repository for services
available to client computers on the network.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) - The tagging or coding language used to
create hypertext documents for use on the World Wide Web. Generally read or
viewed by Web Browsers.
HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - The TCP/IP- based communications
protocol developed for use on WWW. HTTP defines how clients and servers
communicate over the Web.
Hyperlink - A "link" to other documents - pictures, buttons, "hot words" or
phrases in a document that can be chosen by a reader to display more
information.
Hypermedia - A computer-based information delivery method using text,
graphics, animation, sound, video, that can be linked and treated as a
single unit.
Hypertext - Originally used for all hyperlinks and still used for text that
contains "links" to other documents. A non-linear method of organizing
text, graphics and other kinds of data, which allows individual elements
point to one another.
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I
Internet - The interconnected computer networks that all use TCP/IP
protocols. Evolving from the ARPANET of the late 60's and early 70's, the
Internet now (July 1995) connects roughly 60,000 independent networks into
this vast global network.
IP - Internet Protocol is the main network protocol for TCP/IP. Sometimes
called a "dotted quad," this number consists of four parts separated by
dots. (ie, 255.255.255.255)
Information Superhighway - Another name for the Internet or global
electronic communication network.
Interface - The particular way that two systems communicate with each
other.
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) - Multi-user live chat facility that permits
users to "talk" to one another via real-time text. Private channels can
(and are) created for multi-person "conference calls."
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) - A way to move more data over
existing regular phone lines. ISDN is rapidly becoming available to much of
the USA and in most markets.
ISP - Internet Service Provider. Organizations, such as America Online
(AOL), CompuServe, Prodigy, etc., that provide Internet access to a
customer. These organization usually charge for their services.
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J
Java - A programming language invented by Sun Microsystems that is
specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to
your computer through the Internet. Using small Java programs (called
"applets"), Web pages can include animations, calculators, and other fancy
tricks.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group). A compression software program
that allows for the exchange of graphics between computers.
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K
Kilobyte - A thousand bytes.
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L
LAN (Local-Area Network) - A computer network limited to an immediate area,
usually the same building.
Leased-line - Refers to a phone line that is rented for exclusive 24-hour,
seven-days-a-week use from your location to another location.
link - A link connects users to http files located on various computers
around the world via the World Wide Web.
Listserv - An automated maillist that distributes mail to a list of
subscribers. Listservs originated on BITNET, but they are now common on the
Internet.
Login - An account name used to gain access to a computer system. It can
also mean the act of accessing a computer system - going online.
lurker - A person who views CUSeeMe and newsgroup discussions, but does not
participate in them.
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M
Maillist (or Mailing List) - A system that allows people to send e-mail to
a computer, whereupon their message is forwarded to all of the subscribers
of that maillist.
Megabyte - A million bytes. A thousand kilobytes.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) - A standard way of attaching
non-text files (sound, graphics, spreadsheets, formatted word-processor
documents) to Internet e-mail messages.
mirror site - A site that mirrors the contents of another site. Used to
lessen the load on a popular site.
modem (MOdulator, DEModulator) - A device that connects your computer to a
phone line and allows the computer to talk to other computers.
moderator - A person who reads all the posts to a newsgroup before they are
posted, to decide whether a particular message is appropriate to that
newsgroup.
MOO (Mud, Object Oriented) - A multi-user environments where people role
play and interact in real-time using objects.
Mosaic - Marc Andressen's first Web browser that was available for the
Macintosh, Windows, and UNIX computers.
MUD (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) - A (text-based) multi-user
simulation environment.
MUSH (Multi-User Simulated Hallucination) - Generally a MUD that uses a
popular movie for its environment theme.
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N
Netiquette - Etiquette of the Internet.
Netizen - From the term "citizen"; refers to a citizen of the Internet.
Netscape - A WWW Browser and the name of a company. The Netscape (tm)
browser was originally based on the Mosaic program developed by Marc
Andressen at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA).
Network - Two or more computers connected to share resources.
Newsgroup - A discussion group on Usenet.
newsreader - A software program used to read newsgroups.
NIC (Networked Information Center) - An office that handles information for
a network. The most famous of these on the Internet is the InterNIC, which
is where new domain names are registered.
nickname - A name given to an e-mail address.
Node - Any single computer connected to a network.
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O
offline - A computer not connected to a computer network.
online - A computer connected to a computer network. More often referred to
as a computer that is connected to the Internet.
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P
Packet Switching - The method used to move data around on the Internet.
Data being uploaded is broken up into chunks, and each chunk has the
address of where it came from and where it is going. This way, many people
can use the same lines at the same time.
page - One file on a WWW site. It can contain any amount of information,
depending upon the size of the file.
Password - A personal code used to gain access to a locked system. Good
passwords contain letters and non-letters, not simple combinations.
PC - Personal computer
POP - Two commonly used meanings: "Point of Presence" and "Post Office
Protocol."
Posting - A message entered into a network communications system.
Prodigy - A popular commercial online service.
protocol - A specific language that computers use to talk with each other;
decided upon by the majority of users.
provider - A company or group that provides Internet service.
public domain - Software that is free to be used, distributed, or modified.
It has been given to the public free of copyright infringement.
PPP (Point to Point Protocol) - A popular protocol that allows a computer
to use a regular telephone line and a modem to make TCP/IP connection to
the Internet.
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Q
Querie - A search or question asked by a user of a database. Generally used
to search for information.
QuickTime - An Apple software program used to display video files.
QuickTime movie files can contain text, sound, animation, and video, and
are often very large. Because of their size, it can take a long time to
download, especially if you are using model dialup access.
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R
RealAudio - A commercial software program that plays audio on as the file
is being loaded, reducing the long waits for large files to transfer.
Router - A unique computer (or software package) that handles the
connection between two or more networks "routing" file transmissions.
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S
Search engines (also called Crawlers) - Programs designed to ceaselessly
search the Web, looking for specific content or simply following links to
see where they go.
self-extracting archive - A compressed file that can be uncompressed simply
by clicking on it.
server - A computer that provides a specific kind of service to client
computers. Generally, this is file-sharing, information routing, or message
delivery.
shareware - Software generally available on the Internet that you are
permitted to try out. If you feel you will use it, a modest fee is expected
to be paid to the developer. Usually these are demo or abbreviated versions
of more powerful commercial versions.
signature - A text file that is automatically appended to an e-mail
message. Generally these include several lines of text, and used as an easy
way of signing e-mail messages.
.sit - The file extension for files created by Stuffit - a compression
software.
site - a location on the Internet, i.e. WWW site, gopher site.
smiles - "Computer speak" for describing tone, body language or feelings.
i.e. :-) or ;-) or :-(
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) - A standard for using a regular
telephone line (a "serial line") and a modem to connect a computer. SLIP
connections are similar to and gradually being replaced by PPP.
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) - A new high-speed data transfer
standard.
snail mail - Traditional methods of sending mail - US Post Office.
Sysop (Systems Operator) - The person responsible for the operations of a
computer system or network resource.
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T
T-1 - A leased-line connection capable of carrying data at 1,544,000
bits-per-second. A T-1 line could move a megabyte in less than 10 seconds.
While this might seem fast, it cannot transfer full screen full motion
video.
T-3 - A leased-line connection capable of carrying data at 44,736,000
bits-per-second. Much faster than a T-1 and capable of transferring
full-screen full motion video.
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the standard
used for transmitting data over the Internet.
Telnet - A protocal that allows you to connect to a remote computer over
the Internet.
Terminal - The term used for a computer being used for work on a server
computer.
text is data in unformatted ASCII code.
thread - A theme or concept that relates to a group of messages on a
newsgroup or BBS.
timeout - A program or connection closes after a certain amount of idle
time. When this happens, it is said to have "timed out."
TTFN (Ta Ta For Now) - A shorthand appended to a message meaning good-bye.
Taken from Winnie the Pooh.
Turbogopher - A faster and graphic version of the Internet menu browsing
system known as Gopher.
.txt - The file extension used for a text-only file.
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U
UNIX - A common operating system used on RISC-based computers, and a
popular operating for servers on the Internet.
upload - To transfer a file from the local or client computer to the
server, or host computer.
upstream - Usenet users who send news are upstream -they send the
information down to you.
URL - Universal Resource Locator. The address or location of the Internet
resource.
Usenet - A huge system of discussion groups, with over 10,000 discussion
areas called newsgroups.
userid - The account name you use when you log on to a server computer.
username - Synonymous with userid.
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V
Veronica - a Gopher-based search engine.
VR (virtual reality) - A computer-generated environment that simulates a
real or fantasy world environment.
virus - A program designed to cause mischief or destroy data. The program
causes problems by replicating itself or destroying critical parts of the
computer's operating system or vital software.
VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language. A a programming language that
creates a virtual environment accessible from Web browsers.
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W
WAIS - Wide Area Information Servers. Search engine used to search for
documents over the Internet.
WAN (Wide Area Network) - Any computer network that covers an area larger
than a single building or campus.
Windows - a popular Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows users to
easily access the resources of a personal computer.
WWW - World Wide Web is a global system of hypertext documents linked
together by the Internet.
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X
XMODEM -A file-transfer protocol; similar to Kermit, YMODEM, and ZMODEM.
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Y
YMODEM - A file-transfer protocol; similar to Kermit, XMODEM, and ZMODEM.
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Z
.zip - the DOS extension for compressed files created by the program PKZIP.
ZMODEM - The fastest file transfer-protocol; similar to Kermit, XMODEM, and
YMODEM.
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