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发信人: saotaome (悲哀化身), 信区: ACZone
标 题: 死海文书
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年09月07日19:28:36 星期五), 站内信件
Dead Sea Scrolls Exhibit
fires 整理
Scrolls from the Dead Sea Exhibition
From the discovery of the earliest known recorded biblical scrolls and
related artifacts in the caves above the Dead Sea, the Dead Sea Scrolls
have held an aura of mystery and swirled with controversies. Project
Judaica Foundation, in partnership with the Israel Antiquities Authority
(IAA), the Israel government agency in charge of all the archeological digs
and artifacts throughout Israel, brought the Dead Sea Scrolls to the
public's view with five world-class exhibitions held around the globe
including the Vatican.
The Director of the IAA, the indefatigable General Amir Drori (Ret.) and
the Assistant Director, Jacob Fisch, approached this Foundation to
determine whether it would be possible to create and display an exhibition
of selected fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls at the Library of Congress in
Washington, D.C. Having just completed another amazing exhibition at the
Library, "From the Ends of the Earth," the stage was set for this
astounding show.
The Librarian of Congress, Dr. James Billington, was immediately interested
in the exhibition of this scope and agreed to exhibit the Dead Sea Scroll
fragments. Twelve of the most interesting scroll fragments became the core
of the exhibition and were surrounded with related artifacts including jars
in which the scrolls were found after being preserved by the low humidity
of the region. Tefillim boxes and straps, sandals believed to belong to the
scribes, coins from the period, various pottery of the period from the area
Written on leather over 2,000 years ago in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic, these
scrolls are the earliest known biblical manuscripts. They include portions
of all of the five Books of Moses as well as the writings by the Essenes
sect.
The IAA's rich materials were complimented by special pieces from the
Library of Congress' vast holding from the Hebraic, Map, and other
collections. The Library's world-class in-house staff of conservators,
curators and scholars became deeply engaged in applying their skills to
choose the items from their divisions. The Library's additions included one
of the few extant Gutenberg bibles and some of the earliest known maps
which oriented the public to the sites and the region. The maps also gave
insight into the views of the early pioneering cartographers of the
Fifteenth Century and how they perceived the lands and events of the
Biblical era.
Early incunabula (the earliest known printed books) and their later
mechanically printed books along with the various commentaries through the
centuries all keyed to the passages from the scroll fragments on display.
These included early writings of Pliny, Philo and Josephus among others
allowing comparisons of texts as well as historical contexts.
Each venue faced the very difficult issue of lighting the exhibit without
endangering the highly sensitive scroll fragments which could be damaged
irrevocably by exposure to bright light. The skilled staff at the Library
of Congress created a low intensity lighting system which was activated
only when a visitor stood before the scroll fragment case automatically
switching off as the visitor moved away.
The design staff, augmented by a talented consultant, recreated the
feelings of the period with wall coverings emulating the stone of the caves
above the Dead Sea and the pink stones of Jerusalem making the setting
truly unforgettable. Visitors were dazzled by being able to actually see
and read the 2,000 year old texts which so many knew from present-day study
of their own bibles by all faiths. Large color photographs within the
exhibition made visitors feel as if they were actually entering the very
area of the caves at Qumran.
To help visitors who wanted to learn the complexities of the story of the
scrolls meanings, an audio guide was presented for use thus making the
entire exhibition totally visitor friendly regardless of level of
knowledge.
This exhibition had the largest attendance of any exhibition in over the
215 year history of the Library of Congress. The crowds had to be
controlled by time-stamped tickets which still resulted in long lines
sometime two to three long blocks long.
This opening coincided with the opening of the United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum in April, 1993. As a consequence, many heads of state
including the President and Foreign Minister of Israel along with twenty
other heads of state toured the exhibition along with the staffs and
members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, Supreme Court and
Executive Branch lead by the White House.
Since this exhibit elicited such support from donors and great public
interest, arrangements were then made to travel the fragments to the New
York Public Library where equal interest resulted. The San Francisco de
Young Fine Arts Museum was the third venue where extensive collateral
public programming was developed for school children, bible study groups
and the general public. Time tickets were implemented as well to manage the
huge response from the public.
In the meanwhile, Jacob Fisch, of the IAA, quietly began discussions with
Father Leonard Boyle, the Director of the Vatican Library to determine
interest in displaying the fragments at the Sistine Gallery (Salone
Sistine) at the Vatican. On the June 30, 1994, with great and dignified
ceremony, Secretary of State of the Vatican, Cardinal Sodano, presiding,
the exhibition of Scrolls from the Dead Sea was opened for the public.
There were 18 cardinals and 28 ranking archbishops present. Jacob Fisch,
Mark Talisman, President of Project Judaica and Mrs. Barbro Osher of San
Francisco, CA spoke after the Secretary of State and Father Boyle.
Mr. Talisman presented the highly regarded and valued facsimile of the
Washington Haggadah to the Secretary of State of the Vatican and Father
Leonard Boyle to be placed in the Vatican Library.
The timing of this exhibition of the Dead Sea Scrolls was carefully planned
to coincide with the arrival of the very first Ambassador from Israel to
the Vatican which happily allowed both sides to celebrate through this
ground-breaking exhibition. Displayed adjacent to the Sistine Chapel,
eighteen thousand visitors a day saw the Vatican exhibition of the Dead Sea
Scrolls!
Finally, upon leaving the Vatican, the Scroll fragments returned to the
Israel Museum along with the various objects added to the exhibit by the
Vatican Museum including early Torah scrolls over a thousand years old, and
many other texts and illustrations and maps. This special exhibit augmented
the Shrine of the Book Isaiah exhibit for several months at the Israel
Museum for the large and enthusiastic public in Israel.
This exhibition would have not been possible without the generosity and
abiding moral support of Bernard and Barbro Osher and the Osher Foundation
of San Francisco. Phyllis Cook, Director of the San Francisco Jewish
Federation Endowment was the person most responsible to provide
encouragement when no other options appeared to be available. A special
thank you for Jacob Fisch unquenchable thirst for creative and exciting
opportunities to bring Israel rich archaeological collections to the
public's view.
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群青的高空……朱色的残照……飞舞而降临的……白青之王者……
红色沙尘……白色的……火焰和,光辉的神像,银色……的,マ、ス、タ……
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