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发信人: mikec (最远的你是我最近的爱), 信区: English
标 题: 二月十七号格林斯潘发表的国情报告2(GRE水平)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Thu Feb 24 14:11:29 2000) WWW-POST
Technological Change Continues Apace
On a broader front, there are few signs to date of slowing in the pace of
innovation and the spread of our newer technologies that, as I have indicated
in previous testimonies, have been at the root of our extraordinary
productivity improvement. Indeed, some analysts conjecture that we still may
be in the earlier stages of the rapid adoption of new technologies and not
yet in sight of the stage when this wave of innovation will crest. With so
few examples in our history, there is very little basis for determining the
particular stage of development through which we are currently passing.
Without doubt, the synergies of the microprocessor, laser, fiber-optic glass,
and satellite technologies have brought quantum advances in information
availability. These advances, in turn, have dramatically decreased business
operational uncertainties and risk premiums and, thereby, have engendered
major cost reductions and productivity advances. There seems little question
that further major advances lie ahead. What is uncertain is the future pace
of the application of these innovations, because it is this pace that governs
the rate of change in productivity and economic potential.
Monetary policy, of course, did not produce the intellectual insights behind
the technological advances that have been responsible for the recent
phenomenal reshaping of our economic landscape. It has, however, been
instrumental, we trust, in establishing a stable financial and economic
environment with low inflation that is conducive to the investments that have
exploited these innovative technologies.
Federal budget policy has also played a pivotal role. The emergence of
surpluses in the unified budget and of the associated increase in government
saving over the past few years has been exceptionally important to the
balance of the expansion, because the surpluses have been absorbing a portion
of the potential excess of demand over sustainable supply associated partly
with the wealth effect. Moreover, because the surpluses are augmenting the
pool of domestic saving, they have held interest rates below the levels that
otherwise would have been needed to achieve financial and economic balance
during this period of exceptional economic growth. They have, in effect,
helped to finance and sustain the productive private investment that has been
key to capturing the benefits of the newer technologies that, in turn, have
boosted the long-term growth potential of the U.S. economy.
The recent good news on the budget suggests that our longer-run prospects for
continuing this beneficial process of recycling savings from the public to
the private sectors have improved greatly in recent years. Nonetheless,
budget outlays are expected to come under mounting pressure as the baby boom
generation moves into retirement, a process that gets under way a decade from
now. Maintaining the surpluses and using them to repay debt over coming years
will continue to be an important way the federal government can encourage
productivity-enhancing investment and rising standards of living. Thus, we
cannot afford to be lulled into letting down our guard on budgetary matters,
an issue to which I shall return later in this testimony.
The Economic Outlook
Although the outlook is clouded by a number of uncertainties, the central
tendencies of the projections of the Board members and Reserve Bank
presidents imply continued good economic performance in the United States.
Most of them expect economic growth to slow somewhat this year, easing into
the 3-1/2 to 3-3/4 percent area. The unemployment rate would remain in the
neighborhood of 4 to 4-1/4 percent. The rate of inflation for total personal
consumption expenditures is expected to be 1-3/4 to 2 percent, at or a bit
below the rate in 1999, which was elevated by rising energy prices.
In preparing these forecasts, the Federal Open Market Committee members had
to consider several of the crucial demand- and supply-side forces I referred
to earlier. Continued favorable developments in labor productivity are
anticipated both to raise the economy's capacity to produce and, through its
supporting effects on real incomes and asset values, to boost private
domestic demand. When productivity-driven wealth increases were spurring
demand a few years ago, the effects on resource utilization and inflation
pressures were offset in part by the effects of weakening foreign economies
and a rising foreign exchange value of the dollar, which depressed exports
and encouraged imports. Last year, with the welcome recovery of foreign
economies and with the leveling out of the dollar, these factors holding down
demand and prices in the United States started to unwind. Strong growth in
foreign economic activity is expected to continue this year, and, other
things equal, the effect of the previous appreciation of the dollar should wane, augmenting demand on U.S. resources and lessening one
source of downward pressure on our prices.
As a consequence, the necessary alignment of the growth of aggregate demand
with the growth of potential aggregate supply may well depend on restraint on
domestic demand, which continues to be buoyed by the lagged effects of
increases in stock market valuations. Accordingly, the appreciable increases
in both nominal and real intermediate- and long-term interest rates over the
last two years should act as a needed restraining influence in the period
ahead. However, to date, interest-sensitive spending has remained robust, and
the FOMC will have to stay alert for signs that real interest rates have not
yet risen enough to bring the growth of demand into line with that of
potential supply, even should the acceleration of productivity continue.
Achieving that alignment seems more pressing today than it did earlier,
before the effects of imbalances began to cumulate, lessening the depth of
our various buffers against inflationary pressures. Labor markets, for
example, have tightened in recent years as demand has persistently
outstripped even accelerating potential supply. As I have previously noted,
we cannot be sure in an environment with so little historical precedent what
degree of labor market tautness could begin to push unit costs and prices up
more rapidly. We know, however, that there is a limit, and we can be sure
that the smaller the pool of people without jobs willing to take them, the
closer we are to that limit. As the FOMC indicated after its last meeting,
the risks still seem to be weighted on the side of building inflation
pressures.
A central bank can best contribute to economic growth and rising standards of
living by fostering a financial environment that promotes overall balance in
the economy and price stability. Maintaining an environment of effective
price stability is essential, because the experience in the United States and
abroad has underscored that low and stable inflation is a prerequisite for
healthy, balanced, economic expansion. Sustained expansion and price
stability provide a backdrop against which workers and businesses can respond
to signals from the marketplace in ways that make most efficient use of the
evolving technologies.
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※ 来源:·紫 丁 香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.198.96.103]
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