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发信人: mikec (最远的你是我最近的爱), 信区: English
标 题: 二月十七号格林斯潘发表的国情报告3(GRE水平)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Thu Feb 24 14:13:11 2000) WWW-POST
Federal Budget Policy Issues
Before closing, I should like to revisit some issues of federal budget policy
that I have addressed in previous congressional testimony. Some modest
erosion in fiscal discipline resulted last year through the use of the
"emergency" spending initiatives and some "creative accounting." Although
somewhat disappointing, that erosion was small relative to the influence of
the wise choice of the Administration and the Congress to allow the bulk of
the unified budget surpluses projected for the next several years to build
and retire debt to the public. The idea that we should stop borrowing from
the social security trust fund to finance other outlays has gained
surprising--and welcome--traction, and it establishes, in effect, a new
budgetary framework that is centered on the on-budget surplus and how it
should be used.
This new framework is useful because it offers a clear objective that should
strengthen budgetary discipline. It moves the budget process closer to
accrual accounting, the private-sector norm, and--I would hope--the ultimate
objective of federal budget accounting.
The new budget projections from the Congressional Budget Office and the
Administration generally look reasonable. But, as many analysts have
stressed, these estimates represent a midrange of possible outcomes for the
economy and the budget, and actual budgetary results could deviate quite
significantly from current expectations. Some of the uncertainty centers on
the likelihood that the recent spectacular growth of labor productivity will
persist over the years ahead. Like many private forecasters, the CBO and the
Office of Management and Budget assume that productivity growth will drop
back somewhat from the recent stepped-up pace. But a distinct possibility, as
I pointed out earlier, is that the development and diffusion of new
technologies in the current wave of innovation may still be at a relatively
early stage and that the scope for further acceleration of productivity is
thus greater than is embodied in these budget projections. If so, the outlook
for budget surpluses would be even brighter than is now anticipated.
But there are significant downside risks to the budget outlook as well. One
is our limited knowledge of the forces driving the surge in tax revenues in
recent years. Of course, a good part of that surge is due to the
extraordinary rise in the market value of assets which, as I noted earlier,
cannot be sustained at the pace of recent years. But that is not the entire
story. These relationships are complex, and until we have detailed
tabulations compiled from actual tax returns, we shall not really know why
individual tax revenues, relative to income, have been even higher than would
have been predicted from rising asset values and bracket creep. Thus, we
cannot rule out the possibility that this so-called "tax surprise," which has
figured so prominently in the improved budget picture of recent years, will
dissipate or reverse. If this were to happen, the projected surpluses, even
with current economic assumptions, would shrink appreciably and perhaps
disappear. Such an outcome would be especially likely if adverse developments occurred in other parts of the budget as well--for
example, if the recent slowdown in health care spending were to be followed
by a sharper pickup than is assumed in current budget projections.
Another consideration that argues for letting the unified surpluses build is
that the budget is still significantly short of balance when measured on an
accrual basis. If social security, for example, were measured on such a
basis, counting benefits when they are earned by workers rather than when
they are paid out, that program would have shown a substantial deficit last
year. The deficit would have been large enough to push the total federal
budget into the red, and an accrual-based budget measure could conceivably
record noticeable deficits over the next few years, rather than the surpluses
now indicated by the official projections for either the total unified budget
or the on-budget accounts. Such accruals take account of still growing
contingent liabilities that, under most reasonable sets of actuarial
assumptions, currently amount to many trillions of dollars for social
security benefits alone.
Even if accrual accounting is set aside, it might still be prudent to eschew
new longer-term, potentially irreversible commitments until we are assured
that the on-budget surplus projections are less conjectural than they are, of
necessity, today.
Allowing surpluses to reduce the debt to the public, rather than for all
practical purposes irrevocably committing to their disposition in advance,
can be viewed as a holding action pending the clarification of the true
underlying budget outcomes of the next few years. Debt repaid can very
readily be reborrowed to fund delayed initiatives.
More fundamentally, the growth potential of our economy under current
circumstances is best served, in my judgment, by allowing the unified budget
surpluses presently in train to materialize and thereby reduce Treasury debt
held by the public.
Yet I recognize that growing budget surpluses may be politically infeasible
to defend. If this proves to be the case, as I have also testified
previously, the likelihood of maintaining a still satisfactory overall budget
position over the longer run is greater, I believe, if surpluses are used to
lower tax rates rather than to embark on new spending programs. History
illustrates the difficulties of keeping spending in check, especially in
programs that are open-ended commitments, which too often have led to larger
outlays than initially envisioned. Decisions to reduce taxes, however, are
more likely to be contained by the need to maintain an adequate revenue base
to finance necessary government services. Moreover, especially if designed to
lower marginal rates, tax reductions can offer favorable incentives for
economic performance.
Conclusion
As the U.S. economy enters a new century as well as a new year, the time is
opportune to reflect on the basic characteristics of our economic system that
have brought about our success in recent years. Competitive and open markets,
the rule of law, fiscal discipline, and a culture of enterprise and
entrepreneurship should continue to undergird rapid innovation and enhanced
productivity that in turn should foster a sustained further rise in living
standards. It would be imprudent, however, to presume that the business cycle
has been purged from market economies so long as human expectations are
subject to bouts of euphoria and disillusionment. We can only anticipate that
we will readily take such diversions in stride and trust that beneficent
fundamentals will provide the framework for continued economic progress well
into the new millennium.
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