English 版 (精华区)
发信人: murjun (萧牧), 信区: English
标 题: Launching success bases on previous trials
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年10月16日08:53:17 星期四), 站内信件
The launch of Shenzhou V carrying the first Chinese-trained astronaut into
outer space is the realization of a dream cherished by the Chinese people and
their leaders for all generations to cherish.
Before the launch of Shenzhou V spaceship, China carried out four unmanned
space flights, which laid the foundation for yesterday's manned flight.
At 6:30 am on November 20, 1999, a Long March (LM) 2F rocket soared into
space from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in Northwest China's Gansu
Province with a Shenzhou I atop.
The re-entry module of Shenzhou I landed in North China's Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region at 3:41 am the next day, marking the end of the 21-hour
flight.
The success of the launch and landing of Shenzhou I mission was the first and
important step to realizing China's ambitions for a manned space flight.
The second unpiloted space flight was made on January 10, 2001, testing how
well the entire system worked.
This time, the launch in Jiuquan of a Shenzhou was a standard spaceship
basically identical to a manned craft. It carried nearly 100 pieces of
equipment, including space sensing, life sciences and space material, and
astronomy devices.
The orbital module of the spaceship remained in space along an orbital path
for nearly six months and a large quantity of information and data was
collected.
The re-entry module landed in central Inner Mongolia on January 16 as
scheduled after 108 earth orbits.
The system architecture of the spaceship was expanded and its technical
performance improved compared with its predecessor.
On March 25, 2002, Shenzhou III was sent to space from the same launch site
equipped with escape and emergency assistance systems for astronauts, with an
improved parachute system. Redundancy techniques were adopted for the
spaceship's control systems, and metabolic simulation equipment, human
physical monitoring sensors and dummy astronauts were installed aboard the
spaceship.
The orbital module orbited the earth for half a year in outer space, with a
number of space science experiments conducted.
The last unmanned spaceship launched before Shenzhou V was Shenzhou IV, which
was carried into orbit on December 30, 2002.
The mission was a success with the landing of the craft in central Inner
Mongolia on January 5 after the completion of a series of tests in space
science and technology.
Shenzhou IV was identical to manned spaceships except there were no men
aboard.
All the systems for manned space flight, including an astronaut system and
life-support sub-system, were fitted on the spaceship and tested.
Apart from satisfying results, the four unmanned flights also exposed some
problems and this helped researchers solve such problems and make
improvements.
Before the launch of Shenzhou I in November, 1999, it was discovered the
rocket and the craft could fail to detach from each other when the rocket
reaches a certain height and finish its work.
To hedge against such a possibility, it was demanded the craft should have a
function by which astronauts could control detaching.
The solution was complicated because the order should be sent from the craft
to the rocket and supported by an independent power supply.
The problem could not be solved solely by the craft system itself. Support
from the rocket system was also needed.
Was it necessary to add such a function to hedge against such a possibility,
which was actually an one-in-ten-thousand chance? Many researchers doubted.
The answer was "yes.'' Qi Faren, chief designer of Shenzhou spaceship, said
decisively that anything that could ensure the success of the launch and the
safety of astronauts had to be done.
The solution was later achieved by the joint efforts of the craft research
team and the rocket research team.
China abounds in fairy tales related to outer space, one about a woman of
surpassing beauty flying to the moon after taking some miraculous medicine,
where she stays as the Goddess of Moon.
The goddess, named Chang'e, has been a most popular theme in traditional
Chinese painting, poetry and drama.
Nevertheless, it was until October 4, 1957 did the Chinese people and their
leaders come to realize that they needed to translate such fairy tales into
reality.
On that day, an aluminum ball 58 centimetres in diameter was sent into outer
space by the former Soviet Union.
It was on that day late Chairman Mao Zedong declared that China should make
its own manmade satellites.
After that, China lost no time to pool its resources for research of space
technology. Pioneering the endeavor were research institutes and universities
in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Tianjin and other major cities.
Under plans worked out by a team of top-notch experts, China was to launch
space exploration rockets first, followed by launching of satellites up to
200 kilograms in weight and then satellites weighing several tons.
But, before long, these plans were derailed because of a nationwide famine
during 1959 and 1961.
Deng Xiaoping, then general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central
Committee, said that satellite launching would not correspond to the national
strength when the Chinese population, then numbering 700 million, were
hungry.
China's space exploration plans were derailed, but were not given up. On
February 19, 1960, the very first rocket designed and built exclusively by
China was launched somewhere near Shanghai.
The rocket, in fact a crude prototype, soared only eight kilometres high
before it fell to the ground.
Despite that, it is recognized as representing the first step, the most
crucial step, taken by China in a long march toward outer space.
On April 24, 1970, China sent its first man-made satellite into orbit,
indicating that it had entered the space era.
In March 1986, four most prominent Chinese scientists proposed to Deng ways
of developing high technologies in China.
Deng, who took the helm of China after Mao died, responded positively to the
proposal that was to be dubbed as the 863 High-Tech Programme.
The 863 High-Tech Programme injected life into the country's space
exploration endeavor.
At a meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on
September 21, 1992, then-president Jiang Zemin called for "determined
efforts'' to develop manned space flight. This, he said, would be important
to the country's political, economic, scientific and technological
developments.
And China's manned space flight programme was kicked off then.
--
我非常喜欢在有风有雨的季节计划自己;
有风有雨后的季节晒着阳光我昏昏睡去;
睡去的我依然在甜梦中将曾有过的温习;
温习昨天前天等等的种种激情与过去。
Jim Mural
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 211.93.37.4]
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