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发信人: ersy (我也想上天), 信区: English
标 题: 外电对神舟号的评论(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年10月18日10:21:28 星期六), 站内信件
【 以下文字转载自 Graduate 讨论区 】
【 原文由 rollingstone 所发表 】
China's milestone making Shenzhou 5 flight, piloted by Yang Liwei, a lieutenan
t colonel of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), is sparking a wide array of o
pinions as to the mission's true significance.
The landmark space voyage is expected to be China's opening volley in what pol
icy analysts anticipate will be an ever-expanding agenda of human space exploi
ts. China's Shenzhou 5 trek marked the fifth flight of the craft in four years
time, and the first to carry a pilot.
But to what degree does China's historic sojourn into space signal military in
tentions, a hungering for space cooperation, or just a public morale boost fue
led by nationalistic get-up-and-go?
National pride
Erich Shih, a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution's Center for Northe
ast Asian Policy in Washington, D.C., sees the success of China's first human
space flight as a huge boost to the Chinese people's sense of national pride.
Images
China's first manned spacecraft Shenzhou 5 lifts off from Jiuquan Satellite La
unch Center in northwest China's Gansu Province Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2003. Chin
a became the third country to send an astronaut toward orbit, four decades aft
er the Soviet Union and the United Sates. (AP Photo/Xinhua, Li Gang)
First Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei waves as the capsule door was opened after
landing on the Inner Mongolian grasslands of northern China Thursday, Oct. 16,
2003. China's first astronaut in space returned safely to Earth on Thursday w
hen his craft toucheddown on time and as planned after 21 hours in orbit. Beij
ing's mission control declared the country's landmark debut flight "a success.
" (AP Photo/Xinhua)
China's first astronaut Yang Liwei is greeted by officials upon his arrival in
Beijing Thursday Oct. 16, 2003. Fresh from a history-making trip into orbit,
China's newly minted space hero proclaimed his amazement Thursday at "the grea
test day of my life" as his leaders announced they would push forward in their
exploration of the cosmos. (AP Photo/Xinhua Photo, Zhao Jianwei)
More Stories
Chinese Astronaut Marvels Over Space Trip
China's First Taikonaut Safely Returns to Earth
China Launch Won't Ignite New Space Race, Analysts Say
China Launches Its First Piloted Spaceflight
Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight Archive
"It is also a boost to China's international image," Shih said, and "shows the
world that China has every potential to become the next power center in East
Asia."
Shih said, however, that one successful human space flight is not going to cha
nge China's present international pecking order. "But it does point out a futu
re direction卼hat China is moving up through the ranks," he said.
For the Chinese it's a very historic event, said Marcia Smith, a policy analys
t at the Congressional Research Service in Washington, D.C. "It demonstrates t
hat they have the technological ability to put humans into space. Where it all
leads, I think it's still up in the air," Smith said.
The Chinese have discussed plans for their human spaceflight program, Smith sa
id, that includes building space stations and maybe, some day, even sending pe
ople to the Moon. "Those are very expensive endeavors and time will tell wheth
er or not they consider that to be a worthwhile investment."
Bragging rights
Bates Gill, the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic & I
nternational Studies (CSIS), contends that the Shenzhou 5 mission is not "Sput
nik II" or the start of a new "space race".
"Nevertheless, being the first developing-world country to put a man in space
gives China some bragging rights and brings it a step closer to its claims to
be accepted as a 'Great Power,'" Gill said.
Gill said that, for the near-term, the Shenzhou 5 flight will resonate most in
China, giving that country a big boost in national pride and the Communist Pa
rty's hopes for legitimacy. Over the longer term, he added, if Beijing's commi
tment to a robust space program continues to grow, China's strategic missile m
odernization will steadily realize increasing technological benefits.
James Lewis, CSIS senior fellow and director of the group's Technology and Pub
lic Policy Program, views China's space voyage in different terms.
"Countries send people into orbit to increase national prestige. Manned space
flight does very little to change the equation for space commerce or national
security," Lewis said.
Lewis said one issue is whether Beijing or Washington will "overreact" to the
successful Shenzhou 5 flight and turn it into a new source of competition. Ano
ther issue, he added, is whether the United States "will be embarrassed about
the disarray in its own manned space program."
No stunt
"It has been 42 years since the last time a nation put its first human into sp
ace," said Matt Bille, a space historian and analyst for Booz Allen Hamilton i
n Colorado Springs, Colorado.
"The Chinese have clearly done this very methodically, developing their techno
logy step by step and testing the spacecraft four times before now," Bille not
ed. "I suspect we are going to see a logical program of building up their capa
bility in low Earth orbit to do long-term stays and focus on earth science, in
dustrial applications, and other capabilities that have some payoff for their
economy as well as national pride," he said.
"No other nation has done this in 42 years - not even the European Space Agenc
y. The Chinese will emphasize this. When it comes to space, they -- not India,
not Europe -- have been the first in four decades to join the superpowers. Yo
u're going to see a nation bursting with pride at earning its place in the his
tory books," Bille told SPACE.com .
"This has been very careful卆nd very logical. It's a very well thought out pro
gram. That tells you that this is not meant as an occasional stunt," Bille sai
d.
Chinese Moon?
Writer Paul Dickson, author of the book, Sputnik: The Shock of the Century, sa
ys the real question is what next for China's space program?
"The Chinese have been promising to deliver humans to the lunar surface as lon
g as they've been talking about putting a man in orbit," Dickson said. When an
d if it becomes apparent that this is China's goal, that will have a ripple ef
fect in NASA plans, he said.
"I think the U.S. will have to seriously consider getting back into the busine
ss of manned space exploration. It is hard to imagine that the U.S. will allow
the Chinese or the Chinese in partnership with the Russians to explore and ex
ploit the Moon. It also means that for the first time since Richard Nixon was
in the White House serious talk can resume about sending humans to Mars," Dick
son said.
Perhaps humans will be walking on the Moon again in 2007, Dickson suggested, o
n the 50th anniversary of the Sputnik launch which started it all.
"The first thing I thought about when I heard the news [about Shenzhou 5] was
Sputnik. The second thing was the fable about the race between the tortoise an
d the hare," Dickson said.
ISS: Open airlock policy
With a human space trek under its belt, could a debate now ensue in China rega
rding the value of piloted or robotic space exploration questions Jonathan Coo
persmith, a Texas A&M University professor specializing in the history of tech
nology.
"In terms of non-political results, robotic spacecraft are more productive. Wi
ll Chinese advocates of robotic flights now face a powerful 'man in space' lob
by like their American counterparts?," Coopersmith said.
"It will be very interesting to see how this launch plays in Taiwan and Russia
," Coopersmith added. "Indeed, how will the Chinese government exploit the She
nzhou flight for domestic and foreign political benefit?"
The United States may respond to the Shenzhou 5 flight by inviting China to be
come a partner on the International Space Station (ISS), Coopersmith suggests.
"An offer of cooperation will be politically important to China and will cons
titute an American acknowledgement of China's technological accomplishments,"
he said.
On the other hand, China participation in the station would lend financial and
technical support for the troubled space station. "The Bush administration, r
estricted financially by the growing budget deficits it has created, will corr
ectly argue that cooperating with China is less expensive than competing with
it," Coopersmith said.
Strategic implications
The Shenzhou 5 landing and safe return of the taikonaut is an event that has s
everal strategic implications for the United States and the international comm
unity.
That's the view of William Martel, professor of National Security Affairs, and
the Chair of Space Technology and Policy at the Naval War College in Newport,
Rhode Island.
Firstly, Martel said, China has now entered the ranks of the "first tier" stat
es. "In terms of prestige and technological ability, China is now of the prima
ry players in space. This, by itself, has significant implications for the U.S
. and its position of unquestioned strategic superiority in space."
Martel said that China can be expected to accelerate the pace of its space pro
gram.
"Now that China has passed the 'human milestone of putting someone in space --
and bringing him back home safely -- China will correctly conclude that its p
rogram can be directed toward more manned missions. We should remember that Ch
ina is actively promoting the idea of putting people on the Moon. In addition,
China will engage in other programs, such as new constellations of satellites
, a new 'Hubble-like' space telescope, and so forth," Martel told SPACE.com .
Replay of Cold War Space Race?
Beginning in the late 1950s, the "space race" between the former Soviet Union
and the United States was a powerful metaphor for showing off political, econo
mic, and cultural strengths. The "top that" nature of this rivalry -- from Vos
tok versus Mercury, or Gemini versus Soyuz -- was muted over time as Neil Arms
trong and Buzz Aldrin set foot on the Moon. Ultimately, this 20th space superp
ower competition led to cooperative adventures, such as the International Spac
e Station.
It remains to be seen how China may rekindle a 21st century replay of Cold War
one-upmanship as a new arrival in human space exploration.
China is likely to expand its relationships with other international consortia
, Martel said. "Today, for example, several European nations expressed interes
t in teaming with China for future space flights."
Martel said that China clearly views the Shenzhou 5 success "as part of the ea
rly stages of more aggressive competition with the United States over its curr
ent position of supremacy in space."
"It is inevitable that China and the United States will begin to believe that
they are engaged in some form of a space race," Martel concluded. "This can ha
ve significant military and technological implications for both sides. And thi
s can have positive consequences. We should remember that the greatest advance
s in the U.S. space program occurred during the Cold War, when Washington and
Moscow were directly competing in space."
"For now, it looks like the principal players in space will be Washington and
Beijing," Martel concluded.
外电对神舟号的评论
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