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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: All washed up
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sat Apr 7 08:43:36 2007), 转信
Apr 6th 2007
From Economist.com
As the evidence of global warming proliferates, so do the nasty consequences
AFP
WE WERE right, all along. That is the thrust of the latest report from the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a United Nations body
set up to pronounce authoritatively on the science of global warming. In
2001 it predicted that global warming would lead to many ills, including
greater numbers of extinctions, growing shortages of water, higher incidence
of tropical diseases, and lower yields from agriculture, fishing and forestry
in some places. Now the scientists who write the reports say they have much
stronger evidence that such calamities are indeed occurring—faster, in
many cases, than they originally thought.
The previous IPCC report, in February, examined the evidence that the globe
was actually warming. It called the trend “unequivocal”, and expressed
“very high confidence” that it was largely man-made. The new report assesses
the likely impact of global warming. It was released on April 6th, after
a week of negotiations between scientists and governments over the wording
. Representatives of China, Russia, Saudi Arabia and America in partiuclar
were said to have tried to water down the report, prompting a last-ditch
all-night haggle.
The resulting document predicts the same sorts of consequences as its predecessor
did in 2001, but with much greater confidence and precision, says Camille
Parmesan, a professor at the University of Texas who vetted part of it.
By her count, the chapter on current impacts alone rests on a review of over
1,000 academic studies, most of them already published—compared with about
100 last time around.
In a paper published in 2003, Professor Parmesan concluded that half of all
species were already altering their behaviour or shifting their range in
response to global warming. Others have found that some 26% of coral reefs
have already died as a result of warming waters, and that the remainder
will probably disappear if average water temperatures rise by another degree
—along with the fisheries and tourism they sustain. In a synthesis of such
studies, the report concluded that 30% of species face an increased risk
of extinction if temperatures rise by 2oC (3.6oF).
This sort of finding suggests that the effects of global warming will be
“non-linear”, says Paul Epstein, a Harvard University professor who has
reviewed the entire report. For one thing, most projections of the impact
derive from estimates of changes in average temperature. But many of the
ill effects hinge on changes in the minimum temperature, which has been
rising twice as fast. This trend is particularly strong near the poles, where
the climate is changing fastest. Winters no longer get cold enough in many
places to kill off different pests and diseases. So noxious species of ants
and bees are marching northwards across America, ticks carrying Lyme disease
are proliferating in Scandinavia and tropical highlands around the world
are witnessing an invasion of mosquitoes carrying malaria, dengue fever
and Japanese encephalitis. “The winter is the most wonderful thing that
was ever invented for public health,” Dr Epstein says, “and we're losing
it.”
Multiple factors will amplify the effects of global warming on agriculture
and forestry. Warmer and drier conditions in many places will reduce yields
. Meanwhile, pests such as tree-killing beetles and crop-killing fungi will
both increase their range and breed more rapidly. And an increasing incidence
of extreme weather, be it floods or droughts, will both damage crops directly
and nurture species that prey on them. The poor, especially in tropical
climes, will be hardest hit by all this, since they have little means of
adapting to such changes.
The report is supposed only to inform policymaking, not to direct it. But
the point of the frightening statistics about impending water shortages,
epidemics and crop failures, says one of the authors, is to jolt politicians
into preparing for the coming afflictions. In other words, the report intends
to end the debate between those who think mankind's main effort should be
trying to reverse climate change and those who would prefer to concentrate
on adapting to its effects. Both strategies, it implies, are urgently needed
.
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困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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