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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: Bad is good
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Mon Apr 9 08:00:24 2007), 转信
Apr 4th 2007
From The Economist print edition
An unexpected explanation for the rise of depression
BACTERIA cause disease. The idea that they might also prevent disease is
counterintuitive. Yet that is the hypothesis Chris Lowry, of Bristol University
, and his colleagues are putting forward in Neuroscience. They think a particular
sort of bacterium might alleviate clinical depression.
The chance observation that Dr Lowry followed up to arrive at this conclusion
was made by Mary O'Brien, an oncologist at the Royal Marsden Hospital in
London. Dr O'Brien was trying out an experimental treatment for lung cancer
that involved inoculating patients with Mycobacterium vaccae. This is a
harmless relative of the bugs that cause tuberculosis and leprosy that had
, in this case, been rendered even more harmless by killing it. When Dr O
'Brien gave the inoculation, she observed not only fewer symptoms of the
cancer, but also an improvement in her patients' emotional health, vitality
and general cognitive function.
To find out what was going on, Dr Lowry turned to mice. His hypothesis was
that the immune response to M. vaccae induces the brain to produce serotonin
. This molecule is a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger between nerve
cells) and one symptom of depression is low levels of it.
Dr Lowry and his team injected their mice with M. vaccae and examined them
to find out what was going on. First, they looked for a rise in the level
of cytokines, which are molecules produced by the immune system that trigger
responses in the brain. As expected, cytokine levels rose. They then looked
directly in their animals' brains for the effect of those cytokines.
Cytokines actually act on sensory nerves that run to the brain from organs
such as the heart and the lungs. That action stimulates a brain structure
called the dorsal raphe nucleus. It was this nucleus that Dr Lowry focused
on. He found a group of cells within it that connect directly to the limbic
system, the brain's emotion-generating area. These cells release serotonin
into the limbic system in response to sensory-nerve stimulation.
The consequence of that release is stress-free mice. Dr Lowry was able to
measure their stress by dropping them into a tiny swimming pool. Previous
research has shown that unstressed mice enjoy swimming, while stressed ones
do not. His mice swam around enthusiastically.
This result is intriguing for two reasons. First, it offers the possibility
of treating clinical depression with what is, in effect, a vaccination.
Indeed, M. vaccae is considered a bit of a wonder-bug in this context. Besides
cancer, and now depression, it is being looked at as a way of treating Crohn
's disease (an inflammation of the gut) and rheumatoid arthritis.
Second, it opens a new line of inquiry into why depression is becoming more
common. Two other conditions that have increased in frequency recently are
asthma and allergies, both of which are caused by the immune system attacking
cells of the body it is supposed to protect. One explanation for the rise
of these two conditions is the hygiene hypothesis. This suggests a lack
of childhood exposure to harmless bugs is leading to improperly primed immune
systems, which then go on to look for trouble where none exists.
In the case of depression, a similar explanation may pertain. If an ultra
-hygienic environment is not stimulating the interaction between immune system
and brain, some people may react badly to the consequent lack of serotonin
. No one suggests this is the whole explanation for depression, but it may
turn out to be part of it.
--
困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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