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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: Happy ever after?
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Wed Apr 11 12:27:19 2007), 转信
Apr 9th 2007 | DILI
From Economist.com
The election may not resolve the country's conflicts
AFP
“PEOPLE feel that they are sick of waiting, waiting for something good,”
observed Xanana Gusm?o, the president of Timor-Leste, a few days before
his people voted, on Monday April 9th, to choose his successor. Few would
disagree. Five years after the former East Timor won its independence, following
a bloody separation from Indonesia and a period under the United Nations
’ control, things still look gloomy.
Since last May, when the country’s security forces collapsed, a contingent
of foreign police and soldiers, led by Australia, has barely kept the peace
between rival political factions and street gangs. Tens of thousands of
people, driven from their homes by the fighting, are living in tents in refugee
camps. Dysfunctional government has kept poverty, child malnutrition and
unemployment high, despite the money that has started rolling in from oilfields
off the country’s shores.
Having suffered so much in the fight for self-rule, the Timorese seemed determined
to exercise their right to vote, lining up outside the polling-stations
before dawn on Monday. The UN mission seemed just as determined to prevent
any trouble, flooding the entire country with peacekeepers and election
observers. When the UN’s chief in Timor-Leste, Atul Khare, arrived by helicopter
to inspect voting in Mahaquidan, a remote and drizzle-soaked mountain village
, he found an orderly queue of around 100 locals, shepherded by policemen
sent from Lisbon and Singapore.
There were only small outbreaks of violence in the run-up to the polling
day, most of them quelled rapidly by the peacekeepers. However, the presidential
campaign has only widened the country’s most damaging split—that between
Mr Gusm?o, the former leader of the armed resistance to Indonesian rule,
and Fretilin, the former rebel movement’s political wing. Mr Gusm?o accuses
Fretilin of corruption and mismanagement. In turn, Fretilin’s leader, Mari
Alkatiri, who resigned as prime minister after last May’s violence, claims
that it was whipped up by Mr Gusm?o’s supporters.
Timor-Leste’s presidency is influential but largely ceremonial. So Mr Gusm
?o is not seeking re-election. Instead he wants to swap jobs with his ally
, José Ramos-Horta, who took over as prime minister when Mr Alkatiri quit
. Throughout the campaign Mr Ramos-Horta—formerly the independence movement
’s chief spokesman—has been seen as the favourite. His main rivals are
Fretilin’s Francisco Guterres (also known as “Lu-Olo”) and Fernando Araujo
(“Lasama”) of the smaller Democratic Party. Early results seemed to confirm
this but, if no candidate gets more than 50% of votes, it will go to a second
round next month.
Shortly after the new president is known, a date should be set for parliamentary
elections. In these, Mr Gusm?o will seek the prime ministership, under the
banner of his new party, the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction
. Fretilin, which currently has about two-thirds of parliamentary seats,
is furious that Mr Gusm?o has chosen a name so provocatively similar to that
of the National Council of Timorese Resistance—the alliance of parties,
led by Fretilin, that campaigned against Indonesian rule in the late 1990s
.
Both Mr Ramos-Horta and Mr Guterres are projecting themselves as healers
and uniters. They and the other presidential candidates have signed a code
of conduct promising to respect the outcome of Easter Monday’s election
, or at least to challenge it only through the courts. But a substantial
risk remains that the losers will take their grievances to the streets, testing
the peacekeepers' capacity.
The underlying causes of Timor-Leste’s conflicts are many and complex. Mr
Alkatiri’s sacking of almost half the army, for going on strike, triggered
last year’s violence. But the strike had its roots in a simmering regional
dispute between junior soldiers from the country’s west and their commanders
, who are mostly from the east. The UN has been accused of laying the foundations
for this conflict by mishandling the integration of former rebel fighters
and pro-Indonesian forces into the army and police after independence. But
underlying all of this are even older clan disputes, dating back to Timor
-Leste's days as a Portuguese colony.
There were hopes, at independence, that the UN’s intensive, and expensive
, efforts at nation-building would have reasonable chances in such a small
and relatively homogeneous place as Timor-Leste. Alas, so far it is proving
little easier than in, say, Afghanistan or Congo.
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困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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