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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: France's chance
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Fri Apr 13 13:47:26 2007), 转信
France's chance
Apr 12th 2007
From The Economist print edition
After a quarter-century of drift Nicolas Sarkozy offers the best hope of
reform
Bridgeman/Rex
NO FRENCH presidential election in 50 years has looked as unpredictable as
this year's, the first round of which takes place on April 22nd. This is
so even though the leader in every opinion poll so far has been Nicolas
Sarkozy, the candidate of the ruling centre-right UMP party. His support
may be overestimated, just as that of the far-right Jean-Marie Le Pen may
be underestimated. The rise of the centrist Fran?ois Bayrou, who at one
point almost overtook the Socialist Ségolène Royal, has muddied the electoral
arithmetic. And with only ten days to go, more than two in five voters are
undecided.
This election matters. France is the euro zone's second-biggest member and
home to ten of Europe's 50 biggest companies. But it is deeply troubled.
It has the slowest-growing large economy in Europe, a state that soaks up
half of GDP, the fastest-rising public debt in western Europe over the past
ten years and, above all, entrenched high unemployment. Over the past 25
years French GDP per person has declined from seventh-highest in the world
to 17th. The smouldering mood of the suburbs (banlieues), home to many jobless
youths from ethnic minorities, blazed into riots in 2005 and lay behind
new trouble that flared recently at a Paris railway station. The disenchantment
of voters is reflected not only in opinion polls but also in their rejection
of the European Union constitution in 2005. Tellingly, they have not re-
elected an incumbent government for a quarter-century.
The most urgent cure for all these ills is to get the economy growing faster
. That requires radical liberalisation of labour and product markets, more
competition and less protection, lower taxes and cuts in public spending
, plus a shake-up of the coddled public services. None of these things was
seriously tackled in the past 26 years, under the presidencies of Fran?ois
Mitterrand, from the left, and Jacques Chirac, from the right. This was
a time when other European countries, such as Britain, Spain, the Netherlands
, Ireland and the Nordics, transformed themselves for the better, and still
largely retained their cherished social models and welfare systems. Here
lies the biggest challenge for the next French president.
Worst, worse, bad
How do the candidates measure up? Only three of the 12 are serious runners
(see article). A fourth who may shape the outcome is Mr Le Pen, the veteran
leader of the racist National Front, who shamed France by edging past the
Socialist candidate into the run-off against Mr Chirac in 2002. Mr Le Pen
's poll numbers are better now than they were at the equivalent stage then
. It is vital for France and its image that Mr Le Pen be kept out of the
second round this time.
Ms Royal would be an asset in the second round, turning it into a satisfyingly
direct left-right contest. She has other attractions: the first woman to
be a serious contender, the boldness to push past the elephants in her party
to win the nomination, a willingness to break with Socialist taboos by praising
Britain's Tony Blair and criticising the French state's imposition of a
maximum 35-hour working week. Unfortunately her policies are woolly even
by modern standards. And in economics, she stands squarely behind all the
old left-wing shibboleths: state intervention, rigid labour protection and
high taxes.
On the face of it, the centrist Mr Bayrou is more promising. His pledge to
curb the public debt is more credible than Ms Royal's and even Mr Sarkozy
's. But he has failed to promote a free-market agenda—he is distressingly
fond of farm subsidies and state intervention. Nor is it clear how he would
form a government: his centrist party is tiny, and his vague musings of
drawing in like-minded leaders from left and right smack of the lowest common
denominator.
Faute de mieux
Which leaves Mr Sarkozy as the best of the bunch. Unlike the others, and
despite his long service as a minister under Mr Chirac, he makes no bones
of admitting that France needs radical change. He is an outsider, born to
an aristocratic Hungarian émigré father; he openly admires America; he
is enthusiastic about the economic renaissance of Britain. He plans an early
legislative blitz to take on hitherto untouchable issues such as labour-
market liberalisation, cutting corporate and income taxes and trimming public
-sector pensions.
But there are two doubts about Mr Sarkozy. As he showed in his brief stint
as finance minister, he has most of the traditional French politician's
meddlesome economic instincts, favouring a strong industrial policy, protected
national champions and even interfering in supermarket prices. Recently
he has taken to heaping blame on the European Central Bank for France's self
-inflicted failings.
Such economic populism may merely be a ploy to win over an electorate that
has long been averse to the market. But in Mr Sarkozy it is yoked to a second
unattractive streak: a form of nativism, reflected in his harsh comments
about immigrants and national identity. His supporters say he must tack
right to lure voters from Mr Le Pen. But he is now so unpopular in the banlieues
that—unlike Mr Le Pen—he has barely set foot in them during the campaign
. As interior minister, he took great interest in how to improve the lives
of French Muslims, but he has dropped all such talk as a candidate.
This may also explain the biggest defect in Mr Sarkozy's foreign policy:
his fierce hostility to letting Turkey join the EU. Ms Royal has bravely
supported the principle of Turkish membership. But this is unlikely to be
put to the test for at least a decade, and on other EU issues, such as the
future of the constitution, Mr Sarkozy has a more sensible, pragmatic approach
than either of his main rivals. He is also the most likely candidate to
repair France's tattered relations with America.
On the evidence of his career and his campaign, Mr Sarkozy is less a principled
liberal than a brutal pragmatist. Yet he is the only candidate brave enough
to advocate the “rupture” with its past that France needs after so many
gloomy years. It has been said that France advances by revolution from time
to time but seldom, if ever, manages to reform. Mr Sarkozy offers at least
a chance of proving this aphorism wrong.
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困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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