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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: If it looks like a duck...
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Apr 15 07:01:15 2007), 转信
Apr 13th 2007
From The Economist print edition
Some 68m-year-old evidence that birds are dinosaurs
AT LAST year's meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University
, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins
, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of
all—Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies
to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That
suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years
after the beast had died. In this week's Science, though, she comes back
with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real
, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer's quest started when she realised that there was more to the
bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The
beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Horner, a palaeontologist
believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic
Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked
remarkably unaltered—and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix
of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck
. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein,
known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests
T. rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure
and pattern of the fibres with those of modern animals and found that the
species they most resembled was the emu—also a bird and also, like T. rex
, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen's composition, Dr Schweitzer
enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted
small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using
mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of
molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges.
Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms
that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino
acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece
together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for T. rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had
assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar
to the versions found in chickens and ostriches—substantiating Dr Schweitzer
's antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either
the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly
supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to
have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not
look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
--
困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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