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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: A tale of two bids
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Apr 22 09:14:11 2007), 转信
Apr 20th 2007
From The Economist print edition
Private equity goes after Britain’s Boots
AFP
FOR more than a century J. Sainsbury and Boots have been the two landmarks
on Britain's high street that make towns feel complete and smaller villages
envious. Both the grocer and the chemist bear the names of their founders
. Unusually among British firms, they have dominant individual shareholders
. Both, although they are well run, are stuck in the uncomfortable middle
-ground of a retail market that is rapidly polarising between those that
sell cheap goods and those that sell luxurious ones. And both have been stalked
in recent weeks by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), an American buy-out firm
.
Now their ways are parting. On Friday April 20th Alliance Boots agreed to
accept a £10.6 billion ($21.2 billion) bid from KKR, which has teamed up
with Stefano Pessina, the chemist's executive deputy chairman and biggest
shareholder. Later the same day Terra Firma, another private-equity outfit
, together with the Wellcome Trust, a charitable foundation, trumped KKR’
s offer. However, Sainsbury's was reprieved as a publicly listed company
on April 11th when CVC, the last of its suitors, withdrew from bidding.
To critics of private-equity firms who contend that their success is due
to asset-stripping and piling on debt—the equivalent of a gambler borrowing
to double his bet—the £10 billion bid for Sainsbury's seemed the perfect
stereotype. The firm has a strong balance sheet and property worth some
£8 billion that could have been sold to generate quick returns. Boots looks
less obvious. It owns only a small proportion of its stores and selling
these might raise little more than £1.5 billion.
What makes Boots attractive is that it operates in a far less competitive
field than Sainsbury's. The supermarket is struggling to hold its ground
against a much larger rival, Tesco, which has seized almost a third of Britain
's grocery market and announced a 13% increase in pre-tax profits, to £2
.5 billion, this week. Although Sainsbury's is defending its 16% share of
the market, it has done so by cutting margins and sacrificing profitability
. Selling its shops and loading it with debt could weaken the firm fatally
.
Boots, by contrast, is the clear leader among chemists and is managing to
fend off competition from other quarters—mainly supermarkets—by moving
a bit upmarket. Since its merger with Alliance Unichem last year, it has
been cutting costs and expanding abroad, hoping to profit from the deregulation
of retail pharmacies in the rest of Europe. The bidders believe they can
do the same thing more quickly with the firm out of the public eye. They
will have to if they want their bids to pay off, because financial engineering
alone will not produce the big profits that private-equity investors demand
.
Not everyone agrees that (other than tinkering with the balance sheet) private
-equity ownership usually unlocks more value than can be achieved under public
ownership. But private-equity buyers themselves are making big bets that
it can. An independent appraisal of Boots by Greenhill & Co, an investment
bank, is understood to have valued the firm at about £1 billion less than
KKR is offering.
Even if the buyers are right, the profitability of private-equity deals is
coming under pressure. Analysts reckon that the Sainsbury's and Boots bids
would generate returns on the private-equity investments of only 15-18%,
far less than such deals were expected to generate even a year ago. One
reason is that investors have pushed up the values of most possible targets
. Another is that the cost of borrowing in Britain is rising.
Yet the flood of money into private-equity funds continues unabated. With
firms pursuing ever larger and riskier deals, some will undoubtedly go bust
. Normally that would be of little consequence, for capitalism is about failure
as well as success. But there is growing public disquiet about the power
of private equity, which translates into political unease. Last week, for
example, Gordon Brown, Britain’s finance minister, reportedly delayed the
sale of the state-owned bookmaker, the Tote, to a group including private
-equity buyers. Against this background, the collapse of even a single iconic
firm could lead to new rules on disclosure and governance that would tie
the industry's hands.
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困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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