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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: Iraq's economy
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Apr 22 09:15:15 2007), 转信
Apr 20th 2007
From the Economist Intelligence Unit ViewsWire
Oil's not well in Iraq
The announcement of a study that suggests that Iraq's oil reserves could
be almost as large as those of Saudi Arabia, the world's leader, has come
amid fresh evidence of the monumental difficulty of realising that potential
, as bombs in Baghdad left 200 people dead in a single day and Iraqi MPs
wrangled over the details of new oil legislation.
The reminder of the scale of Iraq's unrealised oil wealth has come in the
form of a report by IHS, an industry consultant, providing details of existing
oil reserves and of more than 400 undrilled prospects and undeveloped discoveries
. The Iraq Atlas estimates that Iraq has proven reserves of 116bn barrels
(slightly higher than the standard industry figure), which could be supplemented
by a further 100bn barrels in the barely explored desert region to the west
of Baghdad. Saudi Arabia's reserves are put at 264bn barrels, with Iran
occupying second place in the world ranking with 138bn barrels.
The IHS study confirms what most analysts of the Iraqi oil sector have long
suspected. The giant oilfields discovered in the Kirkuk area in the north
in the 1920s and in the southern region in the 1950s required the drilling
of relatively few, shallow, wells, and there was consequently little incentive
for major exploration and development efforts to be deployed elsewhere.
The seizure of power by Saddam Hussein at the end of the 1970s ushered in
a period of wars and sanctions that prevented any significant development
of the Iraqi oil sector for more than a quarter of a century. Iraq's oil
production capacity has fallen from a peak of 3.6m barrels/day to little
more than 2m b/d, as the industry has suffered a further battering in the
chaos and violence of the post-Saddam era. Iraq has the dubious distinction
of having the highest reserve/production ratios in the world.
Since the US-led invasion in 2003 there has been only limited exploration
drilling, mainly in the Kurdish region, and just three contracts have been
let for existing oilfield development work—to Turkish and Canadian firms
in the north and to Ireland's Petrel Resources in the south. These three
schemes will add a total of some 350,000 b/d of production capacity by 2009
. Further progress awaits an improvement in the security situation and the
establishment of a robust legal framework that will allow foreign companies
to invest.
Kurds object
The civil conflict that continues to tear Iraq apart has not stopped the
government from addressing the critical question of passing a new oil law
. In February the cabinet approved a draft law, allowing provincial authorities
to negotiate development contracts, subject to review by a Federal Oil and
Gas Committee. The oil minister, Hussein Shahristani, has said that the
law will be submitted to parliament for final approval in the next few weeks
. However, the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG), which has attracted strong
interest from international companies to explore for and produce oil in
its relatively secure region, has voiced its objections to a number of items
in annexes attached to the law since it was passed by cabinet. According
to remarks attributed to its chief oil official, Ashti Hawrami, the KRG
has been particularly exercised by the placing of virtually all of Iraq's
oilfields under the control of the Iraqi National Oil Company (INOC, which
is to be re-incorporated under another law likely to be passed as part of
a package, also including a law on distributing oil revenue to Iraq's 18
provinces based on population). This would have a damaging impact on the
production-sharing contracts that the KRG has already signed and on new
agreements that are under negotiation.
The KRG has been anxious to ensure that the law is sufficiently flexible
to deal with the very different conditions obtaining in its region, compared
with the rest of Iraq. In Kurdistan, investors are taking on considerable
exploration risk, which does not apply to the numerous fields elsewhere
in Iraq that have been discovered but not developed. The law requires the
KRG to submit its contracts for review, but this process could be compromised
if the fields in question are designated as being under INOC control in
the annexes (which have yet to be published). The law itself provides for
a number of commercial frameworks, including service contracts, exploration
and development contracts and risk exploration contracts. It also recognises
the need to provide adequate returns and incentives to investors, within
the context of best serving the national interest.
According to Al Hayat, a London-based Arabic daily, one of the annexes specifies
the different categories of fields. These include 27 in production and 25
close to production, all of which come under INOC's remit, as well as 26
that have been discovered but not exploited, which will be offered to investors
and contractors. The annexes also provide details of 65 blocks to be offered
for exploration, according to Al Hayat.
Mr Shahristani suggested that any remaining differences about details of
the law can be ironed out by the end-May deadline for its passage. However
, persuading international companies and financiers to commit resources to
Iraqi oil projects in the current political and security circumstances will
be another matter entirely.
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困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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