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发信人: Porod (扬之水◎Love in One Day), 信区: English
标 题: Sister Earth
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Thu Apr 26 11:03:41 2007), 转信
Sister Earth
Apr 25th 2007 | EARTH
From Economist.com
Is there anybody out there?
IF EXTRATERRESTRIAL life were to exist, it would need a planet on which to
evolve. All but one of 200-or-so planets outside the solar system discovered
by astronomers so far would be quite unsuitable. That is because these planets
are composed of gas. Yet the one whose discovery was announced in the early
hours of Wednesday April 25th is different. Astronomers think it is rocky
, like the Earth, and that it may harbour liquid water. This makes it the
best candidate yet for supporting life.
The planet in question orbits a star called Gliese 581 that lies a mere 20
light years away in the constellation Libra. The temperature of the sun
is such that it supports nuclear fusion that generates bright sunlight. By
contrast, Gliese 581 is a red dwarf, so-called because the star is small
and the fusion reaction proceeds slowly, creating a dim glow. Nevertheless
, because the planet is much closer to its star than the Earth is to the
sun, it lies in what astronomers call the "habitable zone"-the region surrounding
a star where water would be liquid.
Seeing such faint objects is difficult. Astronomers used to detect them by
indirect methods, such as picking up a small wobble in the position of the
star that indicated it was being pulled very slightly towards an orbiting
planet. New telescopes and techniques have found other exoplanets directly
, by sensing a slight fading in the luminosity of the star as the planet
crosses its face. But these techniques only work with massive planets and
, in general, giant planets are gaseous.
Looking for planets orbiting red dwarfs is easier because the stars are less
massive. This not only means that any planets orbit much more closely but
also that the wobbles are more readily seen. The researchers—a team of
Swiss, French and Portuguese planet-hunters using a telescope based in Chile
—used an indirect method called the “radial velocity” technique. This
exploits the Doppler effect familiar when a siren changes pitch as the fire
engine on which it is mounted speeds past you. Using this technique, changes
in the velocity of the star—that is, the wobble caused by the previously
unseen planet—can be measured extremely accurately.
The planet, dubbed Gliese 581c, has a radius 50% larger than this planet.
It has five times the mass of the Earth and orbits its star every 13 days
. The same team of astronomers who discovered it had earlier found another
planet, this time a gaseous giant similar to Neptune, orbiting the same
star every 5.4 days. They say they have strong evidence for another planet
in the same system that has about eight times the mass of the Earth and
orbits every 84 days. The evidence is reported in a paper submitted to Astronomy
and Astrophysics.
According to theory, a planet the size and mass of Gliese 581c should be
rocky, like the Earth. It could, too, be covered in oceans, perhaps completely
. The mean temperature on the surface of the planet would be between 0°C
and 40°C, making it far more hospitable than either Venus or Mars, Earth
’s nearest neighbours.
The race is now on to detect whether the planet has an atmosphere and whether
it contains water. Just a fortnight ago, astronomers using the Hubble space
telescope identified water vapour in the atmosphere of an exoplanet, albeit
a gaseous exoplanet some 150 light years away. The planet, called HD209458b
, passes in front of the Earth every three-and-a-half days, making accurate
measurements possible over time.
Even if Gliese 581c turns out to be void of little green men, there is time
yet. The sun is thought to be about 5 billion years old and halfway through
its lifetime as a “main sequence” star. After that it is expected to become
a red giant, as the hydrogen that presently comprises it is exhausted and
the sun switches to burning helium instead. At that point, the Earth’s
atmosphere and water will be boiled away, leaving the planet uninhabitable
.
Red dwarfs, meanwhile, burn for hundreds of billions of years. This not only
gives plenty of time for life to evolve on the recently discovered planet
. It may make the place a useful bolthole in some 5 billion years’ time.
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困境有一种特殊的科学价值,有智慧的人是不会放弃这个通过它而进行学习的机会的。
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