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发信人: Systems (落叶), 信区: English
标 题: Reading Materials 9
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年03月17日20:49:42 星期一), 站内信件
Difficult Words:
casus belli n. [Latin] an event or action directly causing a war
adduce v. to give
loathing n. extremely disgust, unwillingness, hatred
exacerbate v. to make something worse, more angry
tribune n. a commander in the army or an armed force for protecting
local residents
renounce v. to refuise, to deny, to give up
countervailingly adv. with equally strong but opposite effect
alien adj. foreign; n. foreigner
jolt n. shaking
reverberate v. to bounce back
provenance n. where something comes from
inapposite adj. unsuited
bespatter v. to decorate something by attaching some small things on it
zombie adj. blunt, silly (person)
alliterative adj. comlying with rhythm
theological adj. about study of God and history of religion
delirium n. extreme belief in or love to something, extreme spiritual
abnormality, so that he or she does things illogically.
gut n. episode in a play, strait
anecdote n.stories unknown by most people or unwritten in history
exceration n. hatred, swearing
gratification n. things making people happy and satisfied, happiness
somnambulistic adj. being in a situation that someone walsk while sleeping
gaunlet n. glove made of iron, long glove
inflict v. to do something onto someone/something in order to make some
certain effect
imponderable adj. unable to calculate or estimate
nauseous adj. disgustful
deterrent adj. able to frighten, intervening
sop n. a piece of bread, a timid person, a piece of liquid
mullah n. muslin learned in theology an scared laws
infidel adj. without belief, not believing in Gods
crescent n. the moon (or its shape) appearing in the sky in the first
several days of a lunar month
uncosseted adj. not to spoiled
cusory adj. in a hurry
feral adj. wild, brute
immiseration n. ???
gangsterism n. ideas and theories about gangsters
chronic adj. with habbit
kleptomania n. someone who has a habit of stealing
outfit n. equipments, the collective name of all offices in anorganisation
coup n. a sudden change in political power, usually plotted by conspiracy
inquisitor n. someone who does interrogation and issues a formal
accusation of a criminal on court
dungeon n. underground jail
intimacy n. familiarity
conoisseur n. person with good judgemet on something, e. g. on arts
consign v. to put something somewhere for temporary keeping, to save
money in the bank,
jumble v. to mix
blowhard n. someone who always boasts
hatch v. to be in a process when a hen gives birth to a chicken from an egg
benighted adj. of falling into darkness, silly
ramification n. branch
vulgar adj. crude, of being with accent
levity n. a spiritual situation in which someone does things carelessly,
instability
vennally adj. corruptibly
lenient adj. generous, kind
enmancipation n. relief, making something free
messianism n. ???
belligerent adj. warlike
contemplate v. to look something with caution, to reckon
kaleidoscope n. a toy consisting of scores of hollow paper-made cones glued
together, when it is rotating quickly , people can see
beautiful scenes fro m within it.
eventuality n. poissible event, probability
ineluctable adj. unable to escape
emasculate v. to cut male animal's reproductive organ down
momentum n. a physical terminology, which is defined as the product of mass
and change of velovity of an object
bark n. skin of trees
truss v. to put something together by tightening it with rope
stray n. a missing domestic animal, also used to describe a young person who
makes eome mistakes but has not redressed them, yet.
weariness n. tire
***********************************************
The palace of the end
The first war of the Age of Proliferation will not be an oil-grab so much as
an expression of pure power
Martin Amis
Tuesday March 4, 2003
The Guardian
We accept that there are legitimate casus belli: acts or situations "provoki
ng or justifying war". The present debate feels off-centre, and faintly unre
al, because the US and the UK are going to war for a new set of reasons (par
tly undisclosed) while continuing to adduce the old set of reasons (which in
this case do not cohere or even overlap). These new casus belli are a respo
nse to the accurate realisation that we have entered a distinct phase of his
tory. The coming assault on Iraq may perhaps be the Last War of the Ottoman
Succession; it will certainly be the first War of the Age of Proliferation -
the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). The new casus bell
i are also shaped by September 11.
September 11 has given to us a planet we barely recognise. In a sense it rev
ealed what was already there, largely unremarked, since the collapse of the
Soviet Union: the unprecedented preponderance of a single power. It also rev
ealed the longstanding but increasingly dynamic loathing of this power in th
e Islamic world, where anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism are exacerbated by Ame
rica's relationship with Israel - a relationship that many in the west, this
writer included, find unnatural. In addition, like all "acts of terrorism"
(easily and unsubjectively defined as organised violence against civilians),
September 11 was an attack on morality: we felt a general deficit. Who, on
September 10, was expecting by Christmastime to be reading unscandalised edi
torials in the Herald Tribune about the pros and cons of using torture on ca
ptured "enemy combatants"? Who expected Britain to renounce the doctrine of
nuclear no-first-use? Terrorism undermines morality. Then, too, it undermine
s reason.
Osama bin Laden is an identifiable human type, but on an unidentifiable scal
e. He is an enormous stirrer - a titanic mixer. Look how he's shaken us up,
both in the heart and in the head. One could say, countervailingly, that on
September 11 America was visited by something very alien and unbelievably ra
dical. A completely new kind of enemy for whom death is not death - and for
whom life is not life, either, but illusion, a staging-post, merely "the thi
ng which is called World". No, you wouldn't expect such a massive world-hist
orical jolt, which will reverberate for centuries, to be effortlessly absorb
ed. But the suspicion remains that America is not behaving rationally - that
America is behaving like someone still in shock.
The notion of the "axis of evil" has an interesting provenance. In early dra
fts of the President's speech the "axis of evil" was the "axis of hatred", "
axis" having been settled on for its associations with the enemy in the Seco
nd World War. The "axis of hatred" at this point consisted of only two count
ries, Iran and Iraq. whereas of course the original axis consisted of three
(Germany, Italy, Japan). It was additionally noticed that Iran and Iraq, whi
le not both Arab, were both Muslim. So they brought in North Korea.
We may notice, in this embarrass of the inapposite, that the Axis was an all
iance, whereas Iran and Iraq are blood-bespattered enemies, and the zombie n
ation of North Korea is, in truth, so mortally ashamed of itself that it can
hardly bear to show its face. Still, "axis of hatred" it was going to be, u
ntil the tide turned towards "axis of evil". "Axis of evil" echoed Reagan's
"evil empire". It was more alliterative. It was also, according to President
Bush, "more theological".
This is a vital question. Why, in our current delirium of faith and fear, wo
uld Bush want things to become more theological rather than less theological
? The answer is clear enough, in human terms: to put it crudely, it makes hi
m feel easier about being intellectually null. He wants geopolitics to be le
ss about intellect and more about gut-instincts and beliefs - because he kno
ws he's got them. One thinks here of Bob Woodward's serialised anecdote: ask
ed by Woodward about North Korea, Bush jerked forward saying, "I loathe Kim
Jong II!" Bush went on to say that the execration sprang from his instincts,
adding, apparently in surprised gratification, that it might be to do with
his religion. Whatever else happens, we can infallibly expect Bush to get mo
re religious: more theological.
When the somnambulistic figure of Kim Jong II subsequently threw down his nu
clear gauntlet, the "axis of evil" catchphrase or notion or policy seemed in
ruins, because North Korea turned out to be much nearer to acquiring the de
fining WMDs, deliverable, nuclear devices, than Iraq (and the same is true o
f Iran). But it was explained that the North Korean matter was a diplomatic
inconvenience, while Iraq's non-disarmament remained a "crisis". The reason
was strategic: even without WMDs, North Korea could inflict a million casual
ties on its southern neighbour and raze Seoul. Iraq couldn't manage anything
on this scale, so you could attack it. North Korea could, so you couldn't.
The imponderables of the proliferation age were becoming ponderable. Once a
nation has done the risky and nauseous work of acquisition, it becomes unatt
ackable. A single untested nuclear weapon may be a liability. But five or si
x constitute a deterrent.
From this it crucially follows that we are going to war with Iraq because it
doesn't have weapons of mass destruction. Or not many. The surest way by fa
r of finding out what Iraq has is to attack it. Then at last we will have Sa
ddam's full cooperation in our weapons inspection, because everything we kno
w about him suggests that he will use them all. The Pentagon must be more or
less convinced that Saddam's WMDs are under a certain critical number. Othe
rwise it couldn't attack him.
All US presidents - and all US presidential candidates - have to be religiou
s or have to pretend to be religious. More specifically, they have to subscr
ibe to "born again" Christianity. Bush, with his semi-compulsory prayer-brea
kfasts and so on, isn't pretending to be religious: "the loving God behind a
ll life and all of history"; "the Almighty's gift of freedom to the world."
"My acceptance of Christ", Bush has said (this is code for the born-again ex
perience of personal revelation), - "that's an integral part of my life." An
d of ours, too, in the New American Century.
One of the exhibits at the Umm Al-Maarik Mosque in central Baghdad is a copy
of the Koran written in Saddam Hussein's own blood (he donated 24 litres ov
er three years). Yet this is merely the most spectacular of Saddam's periodi
c sops to the mullahs. He is, in reality, a career-long secularist - indeed
an "infidel", according to Bin Laden. Although there is no Bible on Capitol
Hill written in the blood of George Bush, we are obliged to accept the fact
that Bush is more religious than Saddam: of the two presidents, he is, in th
is respect, the more psychologically primitive. We hear about the successful
"Texanisation" of the Republican party. And doesn't Texas sometimes seem to
resemble a country like Saudi Arabia, with its great heat, its oil wealth,
its brimming houses of worship, and its weekly executions?
The present administration's embrace of the religious right also leads, by a
bizarre route, to the further strengthening of the Israel lobby. Unbelievab
ly, born-again doctrine insists that Israel must be blindly supported, not b
ecause it is the only semi-democracy in that crescent, but because it is due
to host the second coming. Armageddon is scheduled to take place near the h
ill of Megiddo (where, in recent months; an Israeli bus was suicide-bombed b
y another kind of believer). The Rapture, the Tribulation, the Binding of th
e Antichrist: it isn't altogether clear how much of this rubbish Bush swallo
ws (though Reagan swallowed it whole). VS Naipaul has described the religiou
s impulse as the inability "to contemplate man as man", responsible to himse
lf and uncosseted by a higher power. We may consider this a weakness; Bush,
dangerously, considers it a strength.
Even a cursory examination of Saddam's character suggests that he will never
fully disarm, any more than he would choose to revisit his childhood and wa
lk shoeless and half-naked through the streets of Tikrit. He started as he m
eant to go on when, in 1991, he appointed his younger (and less feral) son Q
usay to the chairmanship of the Concealment Operations Committee. The assaul
t on Iraq is expected to cost America 0.5 per cent of its GDP; Saddam's wars
, and the subsequent sanctions, have cost Iraq about 20 years of GDP, accord
ing to The Economist. Such are his priorities. It has been in Saddam's power
to alleviate the immiseration of his people. Instead a pattern of paranoia,
gangsterism and chronic kleptomania, has established itself.
It is important to remember that Saddam, despite his liking for medals and c
amouflage outfits (and for personally mismanaging his armies), was never a m
ilitary man. He came up through the torture corps in the 1960s, establishing
the Baath secret police, Jihaz Haneen (the "instrument of yearning"), and p
utting himself about in the Qasr al-Nihayah ("the Palace of the End"), perha
ps the most feared destination in Iraq until its demolition, after an attemp
ted coup by the chief inquisitor, Nadhim Kazzar, in 1973.
Saddam's hands-on years in the dungeons distinguish him from the other great
dictators of the 20th century, none of whom had much taste for "the wet stu
ff". The mores of his regime have been shaped by this taste for the wet stuf
f - by a fascinated negative intimacy with the human body, and a connoisseur
ship of human pain. One is struck, too, by how routinely Saddam's organs hav
e used familial love as an additional instrument of torture. Here, in moral
terms, we decisively enter the palace of the end, as the interrogator consig
ns your child to a sack full of starving cats.
I said earlier that America's war aims remain partly undisclosed. The frank
answer to the question "why now?", for instance, would be the usual jumble,
something like: a) to pre-empt Saddam's acquisition of more WMDs; b) in good
time for the next election; and c) before the weather gets too hot. Without
his war, Bush is an obvious one-term blowhard; and he listens to his politi
cal handler, Karl Rove, at least as keenly as he listens to Donald Rumsfeld.
The supplementary motivation, hatched at the thinktank and prayer-breakfast
level, is, I fear, visionary in tendency. It has been noticed that a great
deal of the world's wealth is in the hands of a collection of corrupt, benig
hted and above all defenceless regimes. The war, as they see it, will not be
an oil-grab so much as a natural ramification of pure power: manifest desti
ny made manifest, for the good of all.
Tony Blair must have known that war was inevitable more than a year ago, whe
n Bush started talking, with vulgar levity, of "taking Saddam out". In the p
ast Blair has been consistently tough on the Iraq question, just as France h
as been consistently, and venally, lenient (as early as the mid-1970s Jacque
s Chirac was known as "Monsieur Iraq"). More generally, perhaps, he feels th
at British interests are better served by continuing to ride on the American
elephant, even as it trumpets its emancipation from the influence of Europe
; and that the total isolation of Washington would only heat Bush's internal
brew of insecurity and messianism.
There are two rules of war that have not yet been invalidated by the new wor
ld order. The first rule is that the belligerent nation must be fairly sure
that its actions will make things better; the second rule is that the bellig
erent nation must be more or less certain that its actions won't make things
worse. America could perhaps claim to be satisfying the first rule (while a
dmitting that the improvement may be only local and short term). It cannot b
egin to satisfy the second.
We contemplate a kaleidoscope of terrible eventualities: a WMD attack on Isr
ael, and a WMD response (conceivably nuclear); civil war in Iraq. and elsewh
ere, together with all manner of humanitarian disasters; fundamentalist revo
lutions in Egypt and Jordan; and, ineluctably, an additional generation of t
error from militant Islam. Meanwhile, common sense calmly states that an exp
anded version of the present arrangement (inspectors, monitors, full exposur
e to world opinion) is sufficient to contain and emasculate Saddam until pre
ssure builds for a coup; and that the "war on terror" can start only with th
e dismantling of the settlements in the territories occupied by Israel.
But the necessary momentum has already been achieved, and the first humanita
rian disaster will of course be the war itself.
"O people of Iraq... By God, I shall strip you like bark, I shall truss you
like a bundle of twigs, I shall beat you like stray camels... By God, what I
promise, I fulfil; what I purpose, I accomplish; what I measure, I cut off.
" You could imagine Saddam Hussein muttering these words when he assumed the
presidency in 1979. It is with weariness and shame that we hear them from o
ur own leaders, in various encryptions - echoing al-Hadjadj, the newly arriv
ed governor of Iraq, in the year 694. And what he measured, he cut off.
--
We are angels with but one wing.
To fly we must embrace each other.
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