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发信人: Christy (绿叶~捣鼓六仙捣毁仙), 信区: English
标 题: ORIANA FALLACI: WORDS, POWER, AND STYLE
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年01月24日12:55:32 星期五), 站内信件
ORIANA FALLACI: WORDS, POWER, AND STYLE
by Jill M. Duquaine
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Social Change in Italy 875-33
3
Dr. A. Galt
University of Wisconsin - Green Bay
May 6, 1996
World War I proved disastrous for the nation of Italy. After first rema
ining neutral, Italy joined the United States, Great Britain, France, and ot
her allied forces after it was promised land on the eastern coast of the Adr
iatic Sea. But however optimistic Italy may have been upon entering the war,
it proved to have severe negative consequences for the nation (Ginsborg, 19
90, p. 10). The casualties numbered over 600,000 and by the end of the war,
Italy was fighting to maintain its own borders. Instead of gaining the vast
amount of land which had been promised, Italy added only Trentino Alto-Adige
and Trieste to its territory. Following the war, Italy experienced signific
ant decline. There was widespread economic unrest and disorganization, labor
agitation, and much disappointment over the failure to gain the land which
had been promised. There was high unemployment, high inflation, and the valu
e of the Lire declined drastically, making savings, pensions, and wages wort
h very little (Ginsborg, 1990, p. 70).
In light of these developments, World War I was somewhat of a radicalizi
ng experience because it raised the political consciousness of the working c
lass who realized that the war had aided only the wealthy and business class
es. As a result, new political organizations were formed. Among these was Fa
sci di Combatimento (Fascists of Combat), began in 1919 by Benito Mussolini
and other socialists. Known as the "Black Shirts" because of their attire, t
he Fascists stressed ideas of war, movement, action, machines and modernity.
In order to achieve their goals, they relied on terrorist activities. They
glorified war and preached extreme Italian Nationalism. According to the Fas
cist ideology, class conflict should be controlled through government contro
l of labor, economics, and business (Ginsborg, 1990, p. 19). In this way, Fa
scism appealed to the interests of business owners who wanted to control lab
or disputes. However, Fascists also gained the support of laborers by making
small concession to them. Peasants, dissatisfied with Socialism, also suppo
rted the rising organization (Ginsborg, 1990, p. 26). In 1921, Mussolini fou
nded the National Fascist Party whose ideology included a strong central lea
dership based on conservative policies. Because it served the interests of m
any different interest groups within Italian society, the National Fascist P
arty grew rapidly. By 1925, Mussolini was undoubtedly the most powerful man
in Italy. And even though by the beginning of the 1930's Fascism was beginni
ng to fall out of favor with many Italians, Mussolini remained in power thro
ughout the 1930's and in 1940, he joined Hitler in world War II.
It was in the midst of Mussolini's ascension to power that Oriana Fallac
i was born in Florence, Italy on June 29, 1930 (Arico, 1986, p. 587). Fallac
i's writing, both as a journalist and a novelist, indicate that the social a
nd political state of Italy both before her birth and during her youth had a
significant impact on her life. It is from these circumstances that she eme
rges as what many consider to be "the greatest political interviewer of mode
rn times."
Another major influence in Fallaci's life was her father, a liberal who
had opposed Mussolini's rise to power and continued his opposition during th
e entire Fascist period. By the time Oriana reached the age of 10, Italy was
involved in World War II. Joining her father in the underground resistance
movement, she became a member of the Corps of Volunteers for Freedom to figh
t the Nazi's (Levy, 1975, p. 36). When Florence was occupied by Nazi troops
during the war, Fallaci's father was captured, jailed and tortured before he
was finally released alive. At the age of 14, Oriana received an honorable
discharge from the Italian army (Arico, 1986, p. 587). The war ended in 1945
, when Oriana was 15. Although experiencing these events at such an early ag
e was difficult, Italian Fascism and World War II, as well as her father's l
iberal resistance, were to be major influences on Fallaci throughout her lif
e.
At the age of 16, Fallaci "discovered the power of words, and decided to
become a writer" (Levy, 1975, p. 37). As she describes it: "I sat at the ty
pewriter for the first time and fell in love with the words that emerged lik
e drops, one by one, and remained on the white sheet of paper ... every drop
became something that if spoken would have flown away, but on the sheets as
words, became solidified, whether they were good or bad" (Levy, 1975, p. 37
). She began her career as a journalist with a crime column in an Italian da
ily paper, but her abilities quickly won her recognition and worldwide assig
nments to interview political figures as well as international events (Levy,
1975, p. 39). She currently works for the Italian magazine, Europeo, but al
so contributes to other magazines in both Europe and South America (Arico, 1
986, p. 587). Her love of words and a full understanding of their power is e
vident to anyone who reads Fallaci's work. Her writing is insightful, comple
x and full of vivid description.
It is Fallaci's focus on power relationships as well as her interviewing
and writing style which place her far ahead of others in the field. Fallaci
's focus on power and the use and abuse of power is evident in her interview
s with political officials throughout the world. She has interviewed such fi
gures as former CIA Director William Colby, Pakistani Prime Minister Ali Bhu
tto, and Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini, concentrating on their roles as dominant
figures in the international political system.
One of her most famous political interviews, at least in the minds of Am
ericans, was with former U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger. Prior to
Fallaci's interview, Kissinger had revealed little to the press about his li
fe and personality (Levy, 1975, p. 38). However, during her questioning, Fal
laci kept after the Secretary of State to explain the star-like status he en
joyed as a diplomat. Initially he dodged the question, but after relentless
prodding by Fallaci, Kissinger gave in. He said, "Sometimes I see myself as
a cowboy leading the caravan alone astride his horse, a wild west tale if yo
u like" (Fallaci, 1976, p. 22). By getting Kissinger to reveal this romantic
image, Fallaci gave the entire world insight into how this world leader saw
himself. As biographer Elizabeth Levy points out, "... Kissinger's actions
affect our world. How he treats other world leaders is somewhat dependent on
how he thinks of himself" (1975, p. 39). By likening himself to a cowboy fi
gure on a horse, Kissinger revealed that he saw himself as a heroic, imposin
g leader who controlled much of the direction of U.S. politics and, therefor
e, international politics as well. As a result of this interview, Kissinger
received criticism for months afterward. Even years later, Kissinger still r
eferred to the Fallaci interview as "the most disastrous conversation I ever
had with any member of the press" (Peer, 1980, p. 90). It is interesting to
note, however, that Fallaci considers her interview with Kissinger one of t
he worst she's ever had (Bonfante, 1975, p. 69).
Fallaci's focus on power relationships is not limited to her interviews
with politicians. Some of her interviews with celebrities include Playboy mo
gul Hugh Hefner, Italian film director Frederico Fellini, and actor Sean Con
nery. In addition to interviewing celebrities, Fallaci has also done work wi
th people who may not be obvious choices for discussing power relationships.
As her November, 1964 interview with entertainer Sammy Davis, Jr. illustrat
es, Fallaci is also concerned with how people confront oppressive power in t
heir lives. From a 1996 perspective, Sammy Davis, Jr. might not seem an obvi
ous choice to discuss confronting power. After all, he is a singer, a dancer
, an actor/entertainer who starred on Broadway. However, when Fallaci interv
iewed him in 1964, her logic was clear-cut. She sums up her reasons in the v
ery first question: "On my way to your house, Mr. Davis, I had a very distur
bing thought. You have absolutely everything to make you hated by the multit
udes of mean-minded and stupid people: you're a Negro, a Jew, married to a b
eautiful blond ... truly there's no other internationally famous person who
contrives to combine so many 'sins' into one." And she concluded: "Goodness,
this man must positively enjoy doing battle with the world, irritating peop
le, provoking them, defying them..." (Fallaci, 1968, p. 227).
As Fallaci so expertly points out, Davis was confronting oppressive powe
r every day. Davis was a Jew in a time when many in the world expressed anti
-Semitism. He was a black man during a period when issues of race where at t
he forefront of the American political scene and when parts of the United St
ates, particularly in the south, were openly racist. The Civil Rights Moveme
nt was in full swing with organizations such as the Student Non-Violent Coor
dinating Committee using peaceful protest as a way to combat racism. Add to
these the fact that Davis was a homely man with a broken nose and a glass ey
e yet married to a beautiful, blond, white woman, Mai Britt, who was an actr
ess but gave it up to marry Davis and have his children. Even for liberals w
ho might have accepted racial equality in theory, the issues surrounding int
erracial marriage and bi-racial children were far from accepted in almost an
y region of the U.S. during that time. Alone, any of these aspects would hav
e been overwhelming. However, Davis was black, a Jew, and married to a white
woman. It is upon this unique confrontation and defiance of dominant percep
tions of right and wrong that Fallaci so artfully constructs the interview.
Years later, in her introduction of the Davis interview for her book, The Eg
otists, Fallaci refers to the love story of Sammy Davis, Jr. and Mai Britt a
s "a fairy tale, the tale of the princess and the toad" (1968, p. 226). And
yet she makes it clear to the reader that this man deserves the utmost respe
ct for challenging much of what he feels is unjust in the society in which h
e lives. As Fallaci says, "As the minutes, the hours, passed, he grew steadi
ly less ugly, until he almost wasn't ugly, and then he wasn't ugly at all, a
nd then he was almost beautiful, and then beautiful..." (1968, p. 226). Only
a person with Fallaci's insight could so perfectly convey that beauty is no
t what a person looks like, but what he or she stands and fights for.
A final area which must be given attention is Fallaci's writing style. A
s one researcher describes it, "What makes her approach different is the deg
ree of commitment and passion that she brings to journalism" (Arico, 1986, p
. 587). It is this commitment and passion which makes her style so unique. R
ather than focus only on the questions and answers of an interview, Fallaci
tells the reader everything she is thinking, seeing, hearing and feeling. In
other words, she gives the reader the experience of the interview. A clear
example of this is seen in Fallaci's description of her interview with Yasse
r Arafat. She records everything about Arafat's appearance, to the point tha
t an image forms in the readers mind. She talks of his "thick, Arab mustache
and his short height which, combined with small hands and feet, fat legs, a
massive trunk, huge hips, and a swollen belly, made him appear rather odd"
(Fallaci, 1976, p. 123). In addition, Fallaci describes his head and face in
great detail, noting "...he has almost no cheeks or forehead, everything is
summed up in a large mouth with red and fleshy lips, an aggressive nose, an
d two eyes that hypnotize you" (Fallaci, 1976, p. 124). It might be argued t
hat these details have little to do with a man who is known worldwide for hi
s actions in the Middle East. However, by including this detailed descriptio
n, Fallaci gives the reader the feeling of actually being there with her as
she conducts the interview. In this way, she brings the reader closer to Ara
fat and makes them care about how his actions affect the world.
This unique style is also evidenced in Fallaci's interviews and research
concerning the American Space Program. Beginning in 1965, she did research
and interviews with the intent of addressing what she considered the ultimat
e question concerning this program: "Why should anyone want to know about as
tronauts, space, and the moon?" (Levy, 1975, p. 41). The result of her query
was her book, If the Sun Dies, arranged as a long letter to her father. Thr
oughout the book, Fallaci invests personal feelings and sensations in the wr
iting. For example, when she goes to Los Angeles to interview science fictio
n writer Ray Bradbury, Fallaci gives the reader her personal reaction to L.A
. She writes: "Nothing is moving except the cars; nothing grows except plast
ic. I take a walk and I feel I am the only one walking is Los Angeles. I tri
p and fall on the grass, only to discover it really is plastic. There is no
one to help me up, only cars, and cars don't have arms to reach out to me...
I had reached Los Angeles, the first stage of my journey into the future an
d into myself" (Levy, 1975, p. 40). By describing L.A. from her personal per
spective, she draws the reader in which allows a deeper understanding of the
rest of the book.
While conducting her research on the U.S. Space Program, Fallaci also i
nterviews scientist Werner Von Braun. Von Braun is a former Nazi soldier who
worked as a scientist for Hitler's government. He was responsible for the i
nvention of the V-2 rockets which were used to bomb London during World War
II, resulting in the deaths of over 3,000 and wounding over 68,000. Toward t
he end of the war, when he and fellow scientists were certain defeat for Ger
many was near, they decided to leave their legacy of the bombs, which could
also be used for space travel, to the Americans (Levy, 1975, p. 42). Because
of her background as a member of the resistance movement which fought the N
azi's during the war, as well as her feelings about the Nazi's who arrested,
tortured, and jailed her father, Fallaci was bound to have a strong reactio
n to Von Braun. She admits this in her recount of the interview. Yet the tra
nscripts show that her questions remained focused on Von Braun's importance
to the U.S. Space Program and despite her strong anti-Nazi feelings, she doe
s describe Von Braun fairly. She portrays him as a man who possesses positiv
e qualities despite his background (Levy, 1975, p. 43). However, as she writ
es to her father about Von Braun, Fallaci again exhibits her unique style by
investing some of her personal feelings into the retelling of the interview
. As Levy writes: "But Fallaci tells the reader about the internal dialogue
that was going on while she was interviewing Von Braun. She kept smelling le
mon on Von Braun's breath, and the memory of the lemon scent was disturbing.
She can't remember where she smelled that lemon scent before" (1975, p. 44)
. Few journalists use the technique of placing personal feelings in their wr
iting, and fewer still do so to the extent of discussing what they smell dur
ing an interview. But Fallaci does and this technique is effective because i
t draws the reader into both the interview and the problem which she is stru
ggling with: Where has she smelled that lemon scent before? Finally she reme
mbers. She says, "Remember the German soldiers, all washed with disinfectant
soap that smelled like lemon. We all loathed that scent of lemon" (Levy, 19
75, p. 46). By investing so much of her feelings and her personal history in
to the telling of this interview, Fallaci allows the reader to experience so
me of what she has gone through. In this way, the reader gains a deeper unde
rstanding of and appreciation for not only the origins of the U.S. Space Pro
gram, but also of Fallaci.
In addition to being a world-renowned journalist, Fallaci has also writt
en several works of fiction. As in her journalism, Fallaci's novels address
issues of power. However, they seem to focus more on dealing with and resist
ing power, than on those who possess power and use it in an oppressive manne
r. Instead, she writes from the perspective of the oppressed. In Letter to a
Child Never Born, for example, Fallaci writes from the perspective of a sin
gle woman who finds herself pregnant as a result of a casual affair. The pro
tagonist does not love the man, nor does she wish to marry him for the sake
of the child. He encourages her to abort, even though abortion is illegal at
that time, and tells her how stigmatized she will be as a single mother. By
writing down the thoughts and feelings of a single woman who is faced with
such difficult choices, Fallaci exposes the fact that the "choices" which ar
e available for pregnant, single women are not adequate. Abortion, giving th
e child up for adoption, marrying the father in an attempt to maintain propr
iety, or choosing to raise the child as a single parent, all carry lifelong
consequences and stigmatization. It is not, from Fallaci's perspective, a ma
tter of choosing one over the others. It is merely choosing the one you can
best live with. Fallaci's other works of fiction also reflect her fascinatio
n with power. Her novel, A Man, although fiction, is based heavily on Fallac
i's dead lover Alexandros Panagoulis and his confrontation of power as a lea
der of the Greek resistance. As Fallaci herself describes it, "It is a book
about the hero who fights alone for freedom and for truth, never giving up,
and so he dies, killed by all..." (Fallaci, 1980, p. iv). Inshallah, Fallaci
's 1992 novel, concerns itself with the civil war in Lebanon. As in her othe
r works of fiction, she addresses groups and individuals who work to bring a
n end to their oppression.
Fallaci began her life in a very difficult situation. As a result of gro
wing up in Fascist Italy during Mussolini's dictatorship, she developed an i
nterest in power and how power is abused. However, because of her father and
her activities in the resistance movement, she also gained the sense that a
buses of power can be challenged and resisted and even overcome. It is these
factors which have so heavily influenced Fallaci's writing and which, along
with her unique interviewing and writing style, have established her as wha
t many refer to as the greatest political interviewer of modern times.
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