English 版 (精华区)
发信人: ersy (老鼠怕猫?那是谣传), 信区: English
标 题: 潜水艇悖论解决英文版消息 zz(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年08月13日21:42:42 星期三), 站内信件
【 以下文字转载自 Science 讨论区 】
【 原文由 zjliu 所发表 】
Royal Navy, Crown Copyright
Secret weapon. If a submarine could travel close to the speed of light, would
the high speed make it float or sink? A simple-minded application of relativit
y
leads to a paradox that has now been resolved.
The theory of relativity is nearing its 100th birthday, but it still harbors
some puzzles. In the July issue of Physical Review D a researcher lays out the
first complete solution to a seeming paradox presented by relativity: A
submarine moving at near-light speed should look a bit shorter and denser to
observers on land, so it should sink. But the sailors on board should see the
water getting denser, which would cause the sub to float. Relativity experts
have known that the resolution lies in gravity's special behavior in a
fast-moving frame of reference, but no one had solved it in detail until now.
The results could also add a further twist to a field Einstein did not
foresee--the thermodynamics of black holes.
In this thought experiment, the submarine is the same density as water and
doesn't float or sink when at rest. But according to relativity, objects movin
g
at high speed become shorter, so the sub's total density is higher, according
to
land-based observers. On the other hand, relativity states that the sailors'
reference frame is equally valid. To them, the sub is stationary, and the ocea
n
is rushing past at a higher density. The sailors might conclude that they will
float, but they would be wrong. They not only see the water speeding by; they
see a moving gravitational field as well. So the problem is more complicated
than it may appear.
In 1989 James Supplee, now of Drew University and Stevens Institute of
Technology in New Jersey, solved the problem using the limited form of the
theory known as special relativity [1]. Although his solution used several
approximations, it illustrates the ideas. Special relativity does not normally
apply to problems that include gravity, so Supplee assumed that the ocean--but
not the sub--accelerates upward at a rate that simulates gravitational effects
.
Inside an accelerating elevator far from Earth, for example, objects drop to t
he
floor exactly as though gravity were pulling them.
Although from the sailors' perspective buoyancy pushes them upward faster than
the sea floor rises, the sub still hits the bottom, in Supplee's solution. The
reason is that the sea floor is not flat, but curves upwards, from their
point-of-view, thanks to relativity's strange effects on space and time. As th
e
sea and curved seafloor rush horizontally past the sub, the floor becomes
steeper and closer until finally it thwacks into the submarine.
George Matsas, of the State University of S?o Paulo in Brazil, now solves the
problem mathematically using the full theory known as general relativity, whic
h
completely accounts for gravity. Paul Davies of Macquarie University in Sydney
interprets the solution this way: Fast moving objects always carry extra energ
y,
according to general relativity, but fast moving fields also gain energy. This
more energetic field pulls the sub down more strongly than would a field at re
st
with respect to the sub.
Supplee is happy that the problem has now been solved in a more complete way.
"Matsas has done the job," he says. Matsas says his solution may also be
relevant to black holes. The Second Law of Thermodynamics requires that black
holes emit so-called Hawking radiation, which can exert a sort of "buoyant
force" on nearby matter. A body that orbits a black hole rapidly should be "le
ss
buoyant," according to Matsas's work, and he's now working out the implication
s
of this effect.
--Kim Krieger
completely accounts for gravity. Paul Davies of Macquarie University in Sydney
interprets the solution this way: Fast moving objects always carry extra energ
y,
according to general relativity, but fast moving fields also gain energy. This
more energetic field pulls the sub down more strongly than would a field at re
st
with respect to the sub.
Supplee is happy that the problem has now been solved in a more complete way.
"Matsas has done the job," he says. Matsas says his solution may also be
relevant to black holes. The Second Law of Thermodynamics requires that black
holes emit so-called Hawking radiation, which can exert a sort of "buoyant
force" on nearby matter. A body that orbits a black hole rapidly should be "le
ss
buoyant," according to Matsas's work, and he's now working out the implication
s
of this effect.
--Kim Krieger
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